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The RMSEh value for the Leica Hawkeye deep green sensor data in the NOAA Chesapeake Topobathymetric Lidar project area is 0.034 meters, with a ACCr of 0.059 meters at the 95% confidence level based on a flying altitude of 400 meters, an IMU pitch/roll error of 0.002 decimal degrees, an IMU heading error of 0.004 decimal degrees, and a GNSS positional error of 0.008 meters. 

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The NOAA Chesapeake Topobathymetric Lidar dataset Vegetated Vertical Accuracy tested 0.226 m vertical accuracy at the 95th percentile against the derived bare earth DEM using 35 landclass points.

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				Horizontal Datum-NAD83(2011) epoch: 2010.00
				Projection-UTM Zone 18N
				Horizontal Units-meters
				Vertical Datum-NAVD88 (Geoid18)
				Vertical Units-meters

NOAA provided NV5 with a project boundary for the NOAA Chesapeake Topobathymetric Lidar project. Using a 100 meter buffered boundary, NV5 created an airborne lidar acquisition plan. The collected lidar data were immediately processed in the field by NV5 to a level that will allow QA\QC measures to determine if the sensor is functioning properly and assess the coverage of submerged topography. An initial SBET was created using Waypoint Inertial Explorer 8.90, and the raw data were extracted into geo-referenced LAS files using Lidar Survey Studio 3.0 with pre-calculated scanner misalignment angles determined through a boresight protocol. These files were inspected for errors and then passed through an automated workflow, producing rasters to develop an initial assessment of bathymetric coverage. NV5 reviewed all acquired flight lines to ensure complete coverage and positional accuracy of the laser points. These rasters were also used to create an initial product - Quick Look Coverage Maps. These Quick Look files are not fully processed data or final products but provide rapid assessment of approximate coverage and depth penetration.</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:CharacterString>NV5 resolved kinematic corrections for the aircraft Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data using static GPS data from Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) utilizing the Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) for precise positioning. This data was used to correct the continuous on board measurements of the aircraft position recorded throughout the flight.

Smoothed best estimate trajectories (SBET) were developed incorporating post-processed aircraft positionings with IMU and when present, gyrostabilized mount data. Using the SBETs, sensor head position and attitude were then calculated throughout the survey. Trimble Business Center v.3.90, Blue Marble Geographic Calculator 2019, and Inertial Explorer v8.9 were used for final SBET creation.</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:DateTime>2025-10-21T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
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                    <gmx:Anchor xlink:title="https://ror.org/02f762h70">National Geodetic Survey</gmx:Anchor>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Following final SBET creation, NV5 used Leica's Lidar Survey Studio (LSS) to calculate laser point positioning by associating SBET positions to each laser point return time, scan angle, and intensity. LSS was used to derive a synthetic water surface to create a water surface model for refraction correction. Light travels at different speeds in air versus water and its direction of travel or angle is changed or refracted when entering the water column. The refraction tool corrects for this difference by adjusting the depth (distance traveled) and horizontal positioning (change of angle/direction) of the submerged green laser lidar data. All lidar data below water surface models were classified as water column to correct for refraction. Using raster-based QC methods, the output data is verified to ensure the refraction correction operated properly.</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:dateTime>
                <gco:DateTime>2025-10-21T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
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                    <gmx:Anchor xlink:title="https://ror.org/02f762h70">National Geodetic Survey</gmx:Anchor>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Once all data was refracted by flight line, the lidar data was exported to LAS 1.4 files (point format 6) and delineated into 500 m x 500 m tiles. Data were then further calibrated using StripAlign and TerraMatch. NV5 used custom algorithms in TerraScan to classify the initial ground/bathymetric bottom points. Relative accuracy of overlapping swaths was compared and verified through the use of Delta-Z (DZ) orthos created using NV5's proprietary software Las Product Creator (LPC). Absolute vertical accuracy of the calibrated data was assessed using ground survey data.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:dateTime>
                <gco:DateTime>2025-10-21T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
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                  <gmd:organisationName>
                    <gmx:Anchor xlink:title="https://ror.org/02f762h70">National Geodetic Survey</gmx:Anchor>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Post automated classification, NV5 performed manual reviews and editing to finalize all classification and improve the final topobathymetric surface. NV5's LasMonkey was used to update LAS header information, including all projection and coordinate reference system information. The final lidar data are in LAS format 1.4 and point data record format 6.

				The final classification scheme is as follows:
				1 - unclassified
				1 Withheld - edge clip
				1 Overlap Withheld - unrefracted green data from Chiroptera sensor
				2 - ground
				7 Withheld - low noise
				18 Withheld - high noise
				22 - temporal exclusion
				40 - bathymetric bottom or submerged topography
				41 - water surface
				42 Synthetic- Chiroptera synthetic water surface
				43 - submerged feature
				45 - water column
				46 - Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)
				47 Withheld - submerged noise
				48 - submerged temporal exclusion - temporal water column and bathy bottom</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:dateTime>
                <gco:DateTime>2025-10-21T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
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                    <gmx:Anchor xlink:title="https://ror.org/02f762h70">National Geodetic Survey</gmx:Anchor>
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                <gco:CharacterString>NV5 transformed the final lidar data from ellipsoid heights to orthometric heights referenced to NAVD88, Geoid 18 to create the final topobathymetric void clipped DEMs. The topobathymetric bare earth DEMs were output at 1 meter resolution in GeoTIFF format into 69 - 5000 m x 5000 m tiles. The NOAA Chesapeake Topobathymetric Lidar project raster is clipped to the extent of the project boundary and named according to project specifications.

A bathymetric void shapefile was created to indicate areas where there was a lack of bathymetric returns. This shape was created by triangulating bathymetric bottom points with an edge length maximum of 4.56 m to identify all areas greater then 9 square meters without bathymetric returns. This shapefile was used to clip and exclude interpolated elevation data from these areas in the bathymetric void clipped topobathymetric bare earth model. In addition to bathymetric voids the void shapefile includes submerged aquatic vegetation shapes that indicate where submerged aquatic vegetation (class 46) was identified and added to the ground model. These shapes were not used to clip the topobathymetric bare earth model, but rather serve as an indicator of where submerged aquatic vegetation is present within the project boundary.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:dateTime>
                <gco:DateTime>2026-05-15T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
              </gmd:dateTime>
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                    <gmx:Anchor xlink:title="https://ror.org/02f762h70">National Geodetic Survey</gmx:Anchor>
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                  <gmd:title>
                    <gco:CharacterString>Acquisition and Processing</gco:CharacterString>
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