gov.noaa.nmfs.inport:37069 eng UTF8 dataset CSV Files Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center 808-725-5300 1845 Wasp Blvd. Honolulu HI 96818 USA https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link Website Website for this organization information 8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. resourceProvider Luers, Lori H 1845 Wasp Blvd. Honolulu HI 96818 USA lori.luers@noaa.gov Email preferred pointOfContact 2026-03-04T19:17:25 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata Part 2 Extensions for imagery and gridded data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) National Coral Reef Monitoring Program: Water Temperature Data from Subsurface Temperature Recorders (STRs) deployed at coral reef sites in American Samoa from 2012 to 2023 NCRMP: STRs American Samoa 2017-03 creation 2024-03 revision 2024 publication NOAA/NMFS/EDM 37069 NOAA doi:10.7289/v55q4tdq https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/37069 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link Full Metadata Record View the complete metadata record on InPort for more information about this dataset. information Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center 808-725-5360 1845 Wasp Blvd. Honolulu HI 96818 USA pifsc.info@noaa.gov https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Website Pacific Island Fisheries Science Center homepage information 8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. originator https://www.coris.noaa.gov/monitoring/ WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program Information about the NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) on the NOAA Coral Reef Information System website. download https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/region/pacific-islands#science WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link Science Overview in the Pacific Islands Online Resource download tableDigital Water temperature time series data provided in this data set are from subsurface temperature recorders (STRs) deployed at permanent coral reef sites across American Samoa by the NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC), Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD; formerly the Coral Reef Ecosystem Division) as part of the NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP). The STRs were deployed for a period of 1-9 years from 2012 to 2023 and recovered during ESD-led NCRMP missions to American Samoa in 2015, 2018, and 2023. The high-accuracy temperature loggers made by Sea-Bird Electronics (SBE) and RBR Ltd. USA were weighted and strapped to solid substrate on the seafloor by SCUBA divers at depths ranging from 0 to 30 meters at permanent monitoring sites established by ESD's Ocean and Climate Change team. Sample interval of STRs recovered in 2013, 2015 and 2018/2023 was 2 min 30 sec, 60 min, and 5 min, respectively. The current sample interval is 5 minutes. Each time an STR was recovered another STR was typically deployed at the same location and depth and was assigned the same OCC_SITEID. Data were downloaded using the SeaBird SeaTerm V2 or RBR Ruskin V2 program and post-processed using R to trim "out of water" data. Water temperature time series data aid in the monitoring of seawater temperature variability and are used to help scientists assess and understand how coral reefs monitored as part of the NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) are responding to thermal stress. NOAA Fisheries Ecosystem Sciences Division and funded by the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program onGoing Barkley, Hannah C 1845 Wasp Blvd. Honolulu HI 96818 USA hannah.barkley@noaa.gov pointOfContact Barkley, Hannah C 1845 Wasp Blvd. Honolulu HI 96818 USA hannah.barkley@noaa.gov custodian asNeeded Updated March 2024 with STR data collected in 2023 and made changes to the format of all Date/Time data columns of the STR entity. Updated April 2020 for all years following STR database QC and migration and resubmission of the 2013 and 2015 data, and for the 2018 data submission. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2023-07/5472x3648-Diver-collectS-STR-ARI-Halperin-PIFSC.JPG Image of diver deploying and collecting STRs on RA-23-01 cruise jpg DOC/NOAA/NMFS > National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 17.0 EARTH SCIENCE > BIOSPHERE > ECOSYSTEMS > MARINE ECOSYSTEMS > REEF > CORAL REEF EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > WATER TEMPERATURE theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 17.0 OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN > AMERICAN SAMOA place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 20.8 TEMPERATURE LOGGERS > TEMPERATURE LOGGERS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 17.2 743 National Coral Reef Monitoring Program Pacific Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program: Monitoring coral reef ecosystems of the US Pacific Islands and Atolls theme CRCP Project Numeric Data Sets > Oceanography theme CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Reef Habitat EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > In Situ Physical EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature > Bottom theme CoRIS Theme Thesaurus WATER TEMPERATURE theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS in situ physical time series theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS CORAL REEF STUDIES Coral Reef Conservation Program National Coral Reef Monitoring Program theme NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS US DOC; NOAA; NMFS; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center; Ecosystem Sciences Division theme NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > American Samoa (14S170W0000) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Ofu Island (14S169W0013) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Olosega Island (14S169W0014) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Rose Atoll (14S168W0001) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Swains Atoll (11S171W0001) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Ta'u Island (14S169W0012) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Tutuila Island (14S170W0016) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Ofu Island > Ofu (14S169W0002) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Olosega Island > Olosega (14S169W0016) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > American Samoa (14S170W0000) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > Rose Atoll (14S168W0001) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > Swains Atoll (11S171W0001) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > Tutuila Island (14S170W0016) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Manu'a Group > Ofu (14S169W0002) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Manu'a Group > Ofu Island (14S169W0013) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Manu'a Group > Olosega (14S169W0016) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Manu'a Group > Olosega Island (14S169W0014) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Manu'a Group > Ta'u Island (14S169W0012) place CoRIS Place Thesaurus Rose Atoll Marine National Monument South Pacific Ocean place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS Temperature Sensors instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS HI'IALAKAI RAINIER platform NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS CRED CREP Coral Reef Ecosystem Division Coral Reef Ecosystem Program ESD Ecosystem Sciences Division NCRMP National Coral Reef Monitoring Program PIFSC Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center RAMP Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program theme RBRsolo3T SBE 37-SM SBE 39plus SBE 56 STR subsurface temperature recorder temperature logger temperature recorder temperature sensor thermistor instrument DOC/NOAA/NMFS/PIFSC > Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2017-04-24 publication 8.5 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 22. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian American Samoa project InPort otherRestrictions Cite As: Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, [Date of Access]: National Coral Reef Monitoring Program: Water Temperature Data from Subsurface Temperature Recorders (STRs) deployed at coral reef sites in American Samoa from 2012 to 2023 [Data Date Range], https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/37069. NOAA provides no warranty, nor accepts any liability occurring from any incomplete, incorrect, or misleading data, or from any incorrect, incomplete, or misleading use of the data. It is the responsibility of the user to determine whether or not the data is suitable for the intended purpose. otherRestrictions Access Constraints: None otherRestrictions Use Constraints: These oceanographic data are PRELIMINARY data and have not been screened for accuracy. NOAA can not be held liable for use of these data in a manner other than for perusal of preliminary oceanographic data for scientific research on coral reefs ecosystems. Please cite NOAA Fisheries, Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) when using the data. Suggested citation: Ecosystem Sciences Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2024: National Coral Reef Monitoring Program: Water Temperature Data from Subsurface Temperature Recorders (STRs) deployed at coral reef sites in American Samoa from 2012 to 2023, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/37069. otherRestrictions Distribution Liability: While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. unclassified Not applicable Not applicable National Coral Reef Monitoring Program: Water Temperature Data from Subsurface Temperature Recorders (STRs) deployed at coral reef sites in the Hawaiian Archipelago from 2005 to 2024 NOAA/NMFS/EDM 37070 crossReference National Coral Reef Monitoring Program: Water Temperature Data from Subsurface Temperature Recorders (STRs) deployed at coral reef sites in the Pacific Remote Island Areas from 2011 to 2023. NOAA/NMFS/EDM 21443 crossReference NOAA Data Management Plan (DMP) NOAA/NMFS/EDM 37069 https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inportserve/waf/noaa/nmfs/pifsc/dmp/pdf/37069.pdf WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link NOAA Data Management Plan (DMP) NOAA Data Management Plan for this record on InPort. information crossReference eng; US oceans Data are downloaded from STRs using the SeaBird SeaTerm V2 or RBR Ruskin V2 program, post-processed in R, and migrated to the NOAA Fisheries Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) Oracle database. Data are exported by region and recovered year as one consolidated CSV file and zipped. The consolidated CSV files typically contain several million rows of data. Hence, the consolidated CSV file is also split into a series of 1-million row CSV files, which are also zipped. American Samoa -171.0912 -168.145732 -14.551581 -11.05252 Spatial extent of temperature data from STRs recovered in 2013 at Tutuila, and in 2015, 2018 and 2023 across American Samoa, including Tutuila, Manu'a Islands (Ofu, Olosega, and Ta'u), Rose Atoll, and Swains Island. Date range of temperature data from STRs recovered across American Samoa during ASRAMP 2015. STRs were deployed in 2012. | Currentness: Ground Condition 2012-03-21 2015-03-25 Date range of temperature data from STRs recovered across American Samoa during ASRAMP 2018. STRs were deployed in 2015. | Currentness: Ground Condition 2015-02-15 2018-07-16 STR serial number 37SM297412502 deployed in 2012 during ASRAMP 2012 and recovered in 2013 during a fly-in mission. | Currentness: Ground Condition 2012-04-08 2013-04-03 Date range of temperature data from STRs recovered from sites across American Samoa during the NCRMP mission of 2023 (ASRAMP2023). STRs were deployed in either 2015 or 2018. | Currentness: Ground Condition 2015-03-19 2023-08-09 The NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) details a long term approach to provide an ecosystem perspective via monitoring climate, fish, benthic, and socioeconomic variables in a consistent and integrated manner. The NCRMP coordinates various NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) biological, physical, and human dimensions activities into a cohesive NOAA-wide effort. Through the implementation of the NCRMP, NOAA is able to clearly and concisely communicate results of national-scale monitoring to national, state, and territorial policy makers, resource managers, and the public on a periodic basis. NCRMP is a framework for conducting sustained observations of biological, climate, and socioeconomic indicators at 10 priority coral reefs across the U.S. and its territories. This integrated approach consolidates monitoring of coral reefs under a uniform method in the Pacific, Atlantic, Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico for the first time. NCRMP is funded by the Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) and supported by NOAA Fisheries, NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), NOAA Coral Reef Watch, and many other partners. The Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) at NOAA Fisheries is leading in-situ climate monitoring in the U.S. Pacific Islands Region. The climate component of NCRMP in the Pacific provides a comprehensive view of climate change impacts on coral reef ecosystems and helps identify areas of resilience and vulnerability. The key indicators used to identify and monitor climate-driven trends include 1) thermal stress caused by changes in sea temperature, 2) ocean acidification resulting from changes in carbonate chemistry, and 3) ecological impacts by collecting data on coral growth rates, erosion, and community structure to understand the impacts of thermal stress and ocean acidification on the ecosystem. Each year, ESD scientists work closely with CRCP and partners during National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) missions to collect data using moored oceanographic (subsurface temperature recorders) and ecological (calcification accretion units [CAUs] and autonomous reef monitoring structures [ARMS]) instruments stationed at fixed sites in the Pacific Ocean, and water samples collected by divers. The in-situ data and satellite-based observations are also used in modeling efforts. Innovative analysis techniques are used to develop products that give fellow scientists, managers, decision makers and the public a better understanding of a region's resources and how they are changing over time. false eng false Data Table ESD_NCRMP_TEMPERATURE_DATADICTIONARY_2023 2024-05-21 publication ZIP Zip ZIP Zip ZIP Zip PDF - Adobe Portable Document Format PDF - Adobe Portable Document Format PDF - Adobe Portable Document Format ZIP Zip CSV - Comma Separated Values (Text) Zip PDF - Adobe Portable Document Format CSV - Comma Separated Values (Text) NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information distributor https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0162246 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link ESD_NCRMP_Temperature_2015_AMSM.zip Zip file containing one CSV file of temperature data from subsurface temperature recorders (STRs) deployed by the NOAA Fisheries Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) across American Samoa in 2012 and recovered in 2015. Sample interval is 60 mins for every logger except one that measured temperature every 10 mins. Unzipped CSV is 228 MB. Refer to the README in the 0-data folder of the archive folder. download https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0162220 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link ESD_NCRMP_Temperature_2013_AMSM.zip Zip file containing one CSV file of temperature data from a single subsurface temperature recorder (STR) deployed by the NOAA Fisheries Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) at Tutuila, American Samoa in 2012 and recovered in 2013. Sample interval is 2 minutes and 30 seconds. Unzipped CSV is 45.4 MB. Refer to the README in the 0-data folder of the archive folder. download https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0210256 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link ESD_NCRMP_Temperature_2018_AMSM_split.zip Zip file containing a series of 13 split CSV files (1-million rows each, except for the last CSV file in the series) of water temperature data from subsurface temperature recorders (STRs) deployed by the NOAA Fisheries Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) across American Samoa in 2015 and recovered in 2018. Sample interval is 5 minutes. Refer to the README in the 0-data folder of the archive folder. download https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0210256 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link STR_QC_AMSM_2018.pdf Quality control report generated for temperature data from subsurface temperature recorders (STRs) recovered from sites across American Samoa in 2018 by the NOAA Fisheries Ecosystem Sciences Division. download https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0162220 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link STR_QC_AMSM_2013.pdf Quality control report generated for temperature data from subsurface temperature recorders (STRs) recovered from sites across American Samoa in 2013 by the NOAA Fisheries Ecosystem Sciences Division. download https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0162246 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link STR_QC_AMSM_2015.pdf Quality control report generated for temperature data from subsurface temperature recorders (STRs) recovered from sites across American Samoa in 2015 by the NOAA Fisheries Ecosystem Sciences Division. download https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0210256 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link ESD_NCRMP_Temperature_2018_AMSM.zip Zip file containing one CSV file of water temperature data from subsurface temperature recorders (STR) deployed by the NOAA Fisheries Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) across American Samoa in 2015 and recovered in 2018. Sample interval is 5 minutes. Unzipped CSV is 2.82 GB. Refer to the README in the 0-data folder of the archive folder. download https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0292926 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link ESD_NCRMP_Temperature_2023_Samoa_split.zip Zip file containing a series of 14 split CSV files (1-million rows each, except for the last CSV file in the series) of water temperature data from subsurface temperature recorders (STRs) deployed by the NOAA Fisheries Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) across American Samoa in 2015/2018 and recovered in 2023. Sample interval is 5 minutes. Refer to the README in the 0-data folder of the archive folder. download https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0292926 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link ESD_NCRMP_Temperature_2023_SAMOA_QC.pdf Quality control report generated for temperature data from subsurface temperature recorders (STRs) recovered from sites across the Mariana Archipelago in 2014 by the NOAA Fisheries Ecosystem Sciences Division. download https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0292926 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link ESD_NCRMP_Temperature_2023_Samoa.zip Zip folder that contains the 2018 - 2023 American Samoa STR data as a single .csv file. The single csv file is 3.35 GB, the zipped folder with the csv file is 155 MB. download dataset Accuracy INSTRUMENT SPECIFICATIONS: SBE 56, SBE 39plus (no pressure sensor), and SBE 37-SM MicroCAT: Rigorous 11-point temperature calibration of each sensor, Clock Accuracy: 5 seconds/month, Temperature Accuracy: ± 0.002°C (-5 to +35°C); ± 0.01°C (+35 to +45 C), Temperature Resolution: 0.0001°C, and temperature stability: 0.0002°C/month. RBRSolo3T: Temperature (degrees Celsius): Measurement Range -5 to 35; Initial Accuracy +/-0.002, Typical Stability 0.002 degrees per year, Resolution 0.00005. Clock Accuracy: +/- 60 seconds per year. Completeness Measure RBR Solo3T: 130 million samples SBE 56 Memory Capacity: 15.9 million samples SBE 39plus Data Memory: 9.5 million samples (without pressure) SBE 37-SM MicroCAT Memory capacity: exceeds 530,000 samples Completeness Report Data from when the instrument was turned on but not yet deployed are removed, and data from the period between removal and data download are also removed. Information about instruments that were lost or that failed are excluded. Conceptual Consistency All data gathered are consistent with the given methodology. Water temperature data are collected using high-accuracy subsurface temperature recorders (STRs) made by Sea-Bird Electronics (SBE). STRs are usually deployed on the reef for a period of 3 years (shorter or longer deployments occur) at depths ranging from 0-30 m at permanent monitoring sites established by the NOAA Fisheries, Ecosystem Sciences Division. STRs are attached to a mounting bracket, weighted, and strapped to solid substrate (attached dead coral or rock) at the benthos by SCUBA divers using cable ties. A GPS point is taken by surface support personnel at the surface float that is positioned directly above the instrument during the dive. The depth of the instrument is taken by photographing a diver depth gauge next to the serial number of the instrument after installation. On recovery, a second waypoint and depth are taken in the same manner as the deployment before cutting the instrument free. When a STR is recovered, typically another STR is deployed in the same location and the same depth and is assigned the same OCC_SITEID (as long as the coordinates are within 100-m diameter and 3-m depth cylinder of the pre-existing OCC_SITEID). Barkley, Hannah C hannah.barkley@noaa.gov processor Data are downloaded using the SeaBird SeaTerm V2 program, and then post-processed in R. Data from when the instrument was turned on but not yet deployed are removed, and data from the period between removal and data download are also removed. Barkley, Hannah C hannah.barkley@noaa.gov processor Source Contribution: The PIFSC Ecosystem Sciences Division's oceanography team collects data using a variety of methods as described in this paper on in-situ oceanographic observations. RK Hoeke, JM Gove, E Smith, P Fisher-Pool, M Lammers, D Merritt, OJ Vetter, CW Young, KB Wong & RE Brainard (2009) Coral reef ecosystem integrated observing system: In-situ oceanographic observations at the US Pacific islands and atolls, Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2:2, 3-14, DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2009.12027737 2009-01-01 publication Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2009.12027737 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link Journal of Operational Oceanography Source Citation URL information originator Source Contribution: Current methodology Venegas, R.M., Oliver, T., Liu, G. et al. The Rarity of Depth Refugia from Coral Bleaching Heat Stress in the Western and Central Pacific Islands. Sci Rep 9, 19710 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56232-1 2019-12-23 publication Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56232-1 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link Nature Scientific Reports Source Citation URL information originator otherRestrictions otherRestrictions Access Constraints: None | Use Constraints: None SBE 56 Temperature Sensor A low-cost, high-accuracy, fast-sampling temperature recorder with USB interface, internal battery (up to 2 years), and memory. Temperature and time sampling options, at user-programmable 0.5-sec to 9-hour intervals. Data are uploaded upon recovery via the internal USB connector, and output in engineering units (degrees C, date and time). The high stability preserves the initial calibration accuracy, requiring less frequent (or no) calibrations. Ideal for underwater recording applications. SBE 39plus Temperature Sensor A high-accuracy, fast-sampling temperature (pressure optional) recorder with USB interface, internal batteries, and memory. Designed for moorings or other long-duration, fixed-site deployments, as well as deployments on nets, towed vehicles, or ROVs. Temperature, pressure (optional), and time sampling options, at user-programmable 0.5-sec to 6-hour intervals. Data is recorded in memory and can also be output in real-time. Measured data are output in engineering units. SBE 37-SM MicroCAT Conductivity and Temperature Recorder A high-accuracy, moored, conductivity and temperature (pressure optional) recorder with Serial interface (RS-232 or RS-485), internal batteries, memory, optional pump, and optional optical dissolved oxygen sensor. The MicroCAT is designed for moorings or other long-duration, fixed-site deployments for fully autonomous applications. Data is recorded in memory and can be output in real-time. Measured data and derived variables (salinity, sound velocity) are output in engineering units. Conductivity and temperature (and optional pressure) sampling options at user-programmable 6-sec to 6-hour intervals. Memory capacity exceeds 530,000 samples. Sampling every 2 minutes, the MicroCAT can be deployed for 2 years (battery endurance exceeds memory capacity). RBR Solo3T Subsurface Temperature Recorded (STR) A low-cost, high-accuracy, fast-sampling temperature recorder with USB-c interface, internal battery, and memory. Temperature and time sampling options, at user-programmable 0.5-sec to 9-hour intervals. Data are uploaded upon recovery via the internal USB connector, and output in engineering units (degrees C, date and time). The high stability preserves the initial calibration accuracy, requiring less frequent (or no) calibrations. Ideal for underwater recording applications.