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        <gco:CharacterString>Line point intercept (LPI) surveys and benthic composition assessments were conducted during Rapid Ecological Assessments (REA) as part of the Pacific Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (RAMP) cruise HA1101 in Marianas from 20110407 to 20110509. Surveys are conducted by the Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED) of the NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) at biennial intervals to support a long-term NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) for sustainable management and conservation of coral reef ecosystems. During the cruise, 5 REA sites were surveyed at Rota in Marianas. Benthic biologists from NOAA's Coral Reef Ecosystem Division conducted Line Point Intercept surveys to quantitatively document the benthic cover at pre-determined long-term monitoring REA sites. Two linear 25 m transects were surveyed with a 5 m inter-transect region between the end of Transect 1 and the start of Transect 2. The LPI diver determines the benthic composition at 20 cm intervals for a total of 125 data points per transect. All living benthic elements (e.g., coral, algae, and other invertebrates) were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible, often substituting functional group categories for turf algae and crustose coralline algae when identification in the field was extremely difficult. In cases where the substrate is bare or covered with turf algae, the substrate composition is also noted as either sand, rock, rubble, carbonate pavement, or dead coral. The data allows for the assessment and monitoring of species composition and abundance and provide the basis for computing quantitative estimates of percent cover at higher taxonomic levels like functional group (live coral, macroalgae, turf algae) or on a finer taxonomic resolution such as genus level.</gco:CharacterString>
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        </gmd:MD_Keywords>
      </gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
      <gmd:resourceConstraints>
        <gmd:MD_Constraints>
          <gmd:useLimitation>
            <gco:CharacterString>While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are
              accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of
              the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by
              errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of
              the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no
              warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution
              constitute such a warranty.</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:useLimitation>
        </gmd:MD_Constraints>
      </gmd:resourceConstraints>
      <gmd:resourceConstraints>
        <gmd:MD_LegalConstraints>
          <gmd:useConstraints>
            <gmd:MD_RestrictionCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_RestrictionCode" codeListValue="otherRestrictions">otherRestrictions</gmd:MD_RestrictionCode>
          </gmd:useConstraints>
          <gmd:otherConstraints>
            <gco:CharacterString>Use Constraints: Please cite CRED when using data. Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:otherConstraints>
        </gmd:MD_LegalConstraints>
      </gmd:resourceConstraints>
      <gmd:resourceConstraints>
        <gmd:MD_LegalConstraints>
          <gmd:accessConstraints>
            <gmd:MD_RestrictionCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_RestrictionCode" codeListValue="otherRestrictions">otherRestrictions</gmd:MD_RestrictionCode>
          </gmd:accessConstraints>
          <gmd:otherConstraints>
            <gco:CharacterString>Access Constraints: None</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:otherConstraints>
        </gmd:MD_LegalConstraints>
      </gmd:resourceConstraints>
      <gmd:resourceConstraints>
        <gmd:MD_SecurityConstraints>
          <gmd:classification>
            <gmd:MD_ClassificationCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_ClassificationCode" codeListValue="unclassified">unclassified</gmd:MD_ClassificationCode>
          </gmd:classification>
          <gmd:classificationSystem>
            <gco:CharacterString>Not applicable</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:classificationSystem>
          <gmd:handlingDescription>
            <gco:CharacterString>Not applicable</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:handlingDescription>
        </gmd:MD_SecurityConstraints>
      </gmd:resourceConstraints>
      <gmd:language>
        <gco:CharacterString>eng; USA</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:language>
      <gmd:topicCategory>
        <gmd:MD_TopicCategoryCode>biota</gmd:MD_TopicCategoryCode>
      </gmd:topicCategory>
      <gmd:environmentDescription>
        <gco:CharacterString>Native Dataset Environment: Oracle Technical Prerequisites: Contact CRED data management team for information</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:environmentDescription>
      <gmd:extent>
        <gmd:EX_Extent id="boundingExtent">
          <gmd:geographicElement>
            <gmd:EX_GeographicBoundingBox id="boundingGeographicBoundingBox">
              <gmd:westBoundLongitude>
                <gco:Decimal>145.12510585</gco:Decimal>
              </gmd:westBoundLongitude>
              <gmd:eastBoundLongitude>
                <gco:Decimal>145.28577</gco:Decimal>
              </gmd:eastBoundLongitude>
              <gmd:southBoundLatitude>
                <gco:Decimal>14.11064951</gco:Decimal>
              </gmd:southBoundLatitude>
              <gmd:northBoundLatitude>
                <gco:Decimal>14.20128</gco:Decimal>
              </gmd:northBoundLatitude>
            </gmd:EX_GeographicBoundingBox>
          </gmd:geographicElement>
          <gmd:temporalElement>
            <gmd:EX_TemporalExtent id="boundingTemporalExtent">
              <gmd:extent>
                <gml:TimePeriod gml:id="d1e34">
                  <gml:beginPosition>2011-05-01</gml:beginPosition>
                  <gml:endPosition>2011-05-02</gml:endPosition>
                </gml:TimePeriod>
              </gmd:extent>
            </gmd:EX_TemporalExtent>
          </gmd:temporalElement>
        </gmd:EX_Extent>
      </gmd:extent>
      <gmd:supplementalInformation>
        <gco:CharacterString>Maximum depth was 15 meters. Benthic components observed: Amphiroa, Astreopora, Avrainvillea, Boodlea, Caulerpa, Cyphastrea, Dead coral, Dichotomaria, Dictyosphaeria, Dictyota, Favia, Favites, Galaxaura, Goniastrea, Goniopora, Halimeda, Heliopora, Invertebrate, Jania, Leptastrea, Lobophora, Microdictyon, Millepora, Montastrea, Montipora, Neomeris, Padina, Pavement, Pavona, Peyssonnelia, Pocillopora, Porifera, Porites, Portieria, Rubble, Sand, Sinularia, Stylophora, Tricleocarpa, non-geniculate coralline red algae</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:supplementalInformation>
    </gmd:MD_DataIdentification>
  </gmd:identificationInfo>
  <gmd:distributionInfo>
    <gmd:MD_Distribution>
      <gmd:distributionFormat>
        <gmd:MD_Format>
          <gmd:name>
            <gco:CharacterString>xls (Microsoft Excel worksheet) or csv (comma-separated values)</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:name>
          <gmd:version gco:nilReason="unknown" />
        </gmd:MD_Format>
      </gmd:distributionFormat>
      <gmd:distributor>
        <gmd:MD_Distributor>
          <gmd:distributorContact>
            <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
              <gmd:organisationName>
                <gco:CharacterString>Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED), Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:organisationName>
              <gmd:positionName>
                <gco:CharacterString>Data Manager</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:positionName>
              <gmd:contactInfo>
                <gmd:CI_Contact>
                  <gmd:phone>
                    <gmd:CI_Telephone>
                      <gmd:voice>
                        <gco:CharacterString>808 725-5360</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:voice>
                      <gmd:facsimile>
                        <gco:CharacterString>808 725-5429</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:facsimile>
                    </gmd:CI_Telephone>
                  </gmd:phone>
                  <gmd:address>
                    <gmd:CI_Address>
                      <gmd:deliveryPoint>
                        <gco:CharacterString>NOAA IRC</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:deliveryPoint>
                      <gmd:deliveryPoint>
                        <gco:CharacterString>NMFS/PIFSC/CRED</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:deliveryPoint>
                      <gmd:deliveryPoint>
                        <gco:CharacterString>1845 WASP Blvd., Building 176</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:deliveryPoint>
                      <gmd:city>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Honolulu</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:city>
                      <gmd:administrativeArea>
                        <gco:CharacterString>HI</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:administrativeArea>
                      <gmd:postalCode>
                        <gco:CharacterString>96818</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:postalCode>
                      <gmd:country>
                        <gco:CharacterString>USA</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:country>
                      <gmd:electronicMailAddress>
                        <gco:CharacterString>nmfs.pic.credinfo@noaa.gov</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:electronicMailAddress>
                    </gmd:CI_Address>
                  </gmd:address>
                  <gmd:contactInstructions>
                    <gco:CharacterString>e-mail preferred</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:contactInstructions>
                </gmd:CI_Contact>
              </gmd:contactInfo>
              <gmd:role>
                <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="distributor">distributor</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
              </gmd:role>
            </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
          </gmd:distributorContact>
          <gmd:distributionOrderProcess>
            <gmd:MD_StandardOrderProcess>
              <gmd:fees>
                <gco:CharacterString>None if receiving the data online</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:fees>
            </gmd:MD_StandardOrderProcess>
          </gmd:distributionOrderProcess>
        </gmd:MD_Distributor>
      </gmd:distributor>
      <gmd:transferOptions>
        <gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
          <gmd:offLine>
            <gmd:MD_Medium>
              <gmd:name>
                <gmd:MD_MediumNameCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_MediumNameCode" codeListValue="CD-ROM OR EMAIL">CD-ROM OR EMAIL</gmd:MD_MediumNameCode>
              </gmd:name>
              <gmd:mediumFormat>
                <gmd:MD_MediumFormatCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_MediumFormatCode" codeListValue="iso9660">iso9660</gmd:MD_MediumFormatCode>
              </gmd:mediumFormat>
            </gmd:MD_Medium>
          </gmd:offLine>
        </gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
      </gmd:transferOptions>
    </gmd:MD_Distribution>
  </gmd:distributionInfo>
  <gmd:dataQualityInfo>
    <gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
      <gmd:scope>
        <gmd:DQ_Scope>
          <gmd:level>
            <gmd:MD_ScopeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_ScopeCode" codeListValue="dataset">dataset</gmd:MD_ScopeCode>
          </gmd:level>
        </gmd:DQ_Scope>
      </gmd:scope>
      <gmd:report>
        <gmd:DQ_AbsoluteExternalPositionalAccuracy>
          <gmd:nameOfMeasure>
            <gco:CharacterString>Horizontal Positional Accuracy Report</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:nameOfMeasure>
          <gmd:evaluationMethodDescription>
            <gco:CharacterString>GPS Unit</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:evaluationMethodDescription>
          <gmd:result gco:nilReason="missing" />
        </gmd:DQ_AbsoluteExternalPositionalAccuracy>
      </gmd:report>
      <gmd:report>
        <gmd:DQ_AbsoluteExternalPositionalAccuracy>
          <gmd:nameOfMeasure>
            <gco:CharacterString>Horizontal Positional Accuracy</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:nameOfMeasure>
          <gmd:measureDescription>
            <gco:CharacterString>Instrument parameters</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:measureDescription>
          <gmd:result>
            <gmd:DQ_QuantitativeResult>
              <gmd:valueUnit>
                <gml:BaseUnit gml:id="d1e230">
                  <gml:identifier codeSpace="local">meters</gml:identifier>
                  <gml:unitsSystem nilReason="unknown" />
                </gml:BaseUnit>
              </gmd:valueUnit>
              <gmd:value>
                <gco:Record>1</gco:Record>
              </gmd:value>
            </gmd:DQ_QuantitativeResult>
          </gmd:result>
        </gmd:DQ_AbsoluteExternalPositionalAccuracy>
      </gmd:report>
      <gmd:report>
        <gmd:DQ_AbsoluteExternalPositionalAccuracy>
          <gmd:nameOfMeasure>
            <gco:CharacterString>Vertical Positional Accuracy Report</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:nameOfMeasure>
          <gmd:evaluationMethodDescription>
            <gco:CharacterString>Dive computer and SCUBA depth gauge</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:evaluationMethodDescription>
          <gmd:result gco:nilReason="missing" />
        </gmd:DQ_AbsoluteExternalPositionalAccuracy>
      </gmd:report>
      <gmd:report>
        <gmd:DQ_AbsoluteExternalPositionalAccuracy>
          <gmd:nameOfMeasure>
            <gco:CharacterString>Vertical Positional Accuracy</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:nameOfMeasure>
          <gmd:measureDescription>
            <gco:CharacterString>Instrument parameters</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:measureDescription>
          <gmd:result>
            <gmd:DQ_QuantitativeResult>
              <gmd:valueUnit>
                <gml:BaseUnit gml:id="d1e242">
                  <gml:identifier codeSpace="local">meters</gml:identifier>
                  <gml:unitsSystem nilReason="unknown" />
                </gml:BaseUnit>
              </gmd:valueUnit>
              <gmd:value>
                <gco:Record>0.3</gco:Record>
              </gmd:value>
            </gmd:DQ_QuantitativeResult>
          </gmd:result>
        </gmd:DQ_AbsoluteExternalPositionalAccuracy>
      </gmd:report>
      <gmd:report>
        <gmd:DQ_CompletenessCommission>
          <gmd:evaluationMethodDescription>
            <gco:CharacterString>The survey sites were selected to be representative of the dominant habitats at this reef system.</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:evaluationMethodDescription>
          <gmd:result gco:nilReason="unknown" />
        </gmd:DQ_CompletenessCommission>
      </gmd:report>
      <gmd:report>
        <gmd:DQ_ConceptualConsistency>
          <gmd:measureDescription>
            <gco:CharacterString>The same methods of data collection were used at each of the sites surveyed at this location, and were conducted by the same scientist.</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:measureDescription>
          <gmd:result gco:nilReason="unknown" />
        </gmd:DQ_ConceptualConsistency>
      </gmd:report>
      <gmd:lineage>
        <gmd:LI_Lineage>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>REA surveys are investigations that provide a high degree of taxonomic resolution for coral, algae, and other macroinvertebrate communities. The majority of REA surveys were conducted along the forereef slopes of individual islands at depths between 10 and 20 m. However, additional habitats including lagoonal-type patch reef and offshore oceanic banks were surveyed when they existed. During REA surveys, biological assessment teams follow highly structured protocols that are repeated at each REA site. Upon arrival at an REA site, divers entered the water and deployed two 25 m transect lines which are shared with coral surveys that gather community structure, diversity, recruitment, and health status data. The sampling effort takes between 60 and 80 min to complete. The selection of REA sites was made in close consultation with local agencies. Factors considered during REA site selection included: (1) ensuring a range of sample sites representative of the benthic and reef fish habitats around each island; (2) selecting a mixture of sites within and outside of marine protected areas; (3) selecting a mixture of both 'impacted' and 'least impacted' sites; (4) selecting some sites adjacent to local villages; and (5) selecting a number of sites that could be compared to and complement previous assessment and monitoring work as well as future coral reef monitoring proposed by local agencies. It is important to note that access to REA sites can be limited by wave exposure, weather conditions, and other environmental factors such as currents, which can affect the ability to re-survey sites between years. Transect placement was guided by: (1) a focus on hard-bottom communities; (2) deploying lines along an isobath to the extent possible at each site, and (3) laying the transect lines into the prevailing current.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:dateTime gco:nilReason="unknown" />
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
        </gmd:LI_Lineage>
      </gmd:lineage>
    </gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
  </gmd:dataQualityInfo>
  <gmd:metadataMaintenance>
    <gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
      <gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
        <gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode" codeListValue="annually">annually</gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode>
      </gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
      <gmd:maintenanceNote>
        <gco:CharacterString>This metadata was automatically generated from the FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata standard (version FGDC-STD-001-1998) using the 2016-01-11 version of the FGDC RSE to ISO 19115-2 transform.</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:maintenanceNote>
      <gmd:maintenanceNote>
        <gco:CharacterString>Translated from FGDC 2025-03-24T18:09:07.39Z</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:maintenanceNote>
      <gmd:maintenanceNote>
        <gco:CharacterString>Last Metadata Review Date: 2011-07-20</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:maintenanceNote>
      <gmd:contact>
        <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
          <gmd:organisationName>
            <gco:CharacterString>Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED), Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:organisationName>
          <gmd:contactInfo>
            <gmd:CI_Contact>
              <gmd:phone>
                <gmd:CI_Telephone>
                  <gmd:voice>
                    <gco:CharacterString>808 725-5360</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:voice>
                  <gmd:facsimile>
                    <gco:CharacterString>808 725-5429</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:facsimile>
                </gmd:CI_Telephone>
              </gmd:phone>
              <gmd:address>
                <gmd:CI_Address>
                  <gmd:deliveryPoint>
                    <gco:CharacterString>NOAA IRC</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:deliveryPoint>
                  <gmd:deliveryPoint>
                    <gco:CharacterString>NMFS/PIFSC/CRED</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:deliveryPoint>
                  <gmd:deliveryPoint>
                    <gco:CharacterString>1845 WASP Blvd., Building 176</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:deliveryPoint>
                  <gmd:city>
                    <gco:CharacterString>Honolulu</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:city>
                  <gmd:administrativeArea>
                    <gco:CharacterString>HI</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:administrativeArea>
                  <gmd:postalCode>
                    <gco:CharacterString>96818</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:postalCode>
                  <gmd:country>
                    <gco:CharacterString>USA</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:country>
                  <gmd:electronicMailAddress>
                    <gco:CharacterString>nmfs.pic.credinfo@noaa.gov</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:electronicMailAddress>
                </gmd:CI_Address>
              </gmd:address>
              <gmd:contactInstructions>
                <gco:CharacterString>e-mail preferred</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:contactInstructions>
            </gmd:CI_Contact>
          </gmd:contactInfo>
          <gmd:role>
            <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="pointOfContact">pointOfContact</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
          </gmd:role>
        </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
      </gmd:contact>
    </gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
  </gmd:metadataMaintenance>
</gmi:MI_Metadata>