gov.noaa.nodc:0241207 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2025-10-06T13:10:40Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Climate observation data, modeled soil moisture and reconstructed soil moisture model outputs from June 800 through 2021 (NCEI Accession 0241207) 2022-02-05 publication 2021-09-16 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/8pt9-hz08 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0241207 NCEI Archive Management System 0241207 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher A. Park Williams Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) williams@ldeo.columbia.edu http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information resourceProvider University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) https://www.ucla.edu/ HTTPS University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Park Williams University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) https://www.ucla.edu/ HTTPS University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Williams, A. Park University of California - Los Angeles https://www.ucla.edu/ HTTPS University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) website Institution web page information author University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) https://www.ucla.edu/ HTTPS University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) website Institution web page information contributor tableDigital This data archive contains gridded and regionally averaged records of North American climate and soil moisture as well as the 1,498 tree-ring width index (RWI) chronologies used for gridded soil-moisture reconstructions across western North America. The datasets were developed for an evaluation of 21st century soil-moisture drought in southwestern North America. The goals of the study were to (1) evaluate the severity of mean soil-moisture Deficits in 2000-2021, as well as the single-year deficits in 2021, in the context of the full range of variability established over the past 1200 years, with comparisons to the infamous “megadroughts” of ~CE 800-1600s and (2) evaluate the potential role of anthropogenic climate change in promoting the 21st-century drought conditions. Funding Agency: National Science Foundation Funding Agency: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0241207 Preview graphic PNG 0241207 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2021-09-16 publication in situ laboratory analyses model output theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS University of California, Los Angeles dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS University of California, Los Angeles dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS actinometry aerology agriculturalMeteorology airPollution airplaneObservation climatology glaciology hydrology landHydrology landMeteorologyClimate landPollution landWaterPollution meteorology pollution satelliteObservation synopticMeteorology weatherForecasts weatherObservations theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication Model-Calibrated Drought Index Palmer's Z-index monthly fraction of mean 0-200 cm soil moisture plus snow-water equivalent monthly mean downward solar radiation at the surface monthly mean maximum daily temperature monthly mean minimum daily temperature monthly mean relative humidity monthly mean vapor pressure monthly mean wind speed monthly precipitation total monthly saturation vapor pressure monthly total Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration reconstructed summer 0-200 cm soil moisture plus snow-water equivalent tree-ring width index theme Provider Keywords microscope and measurement stage satellites tree rings weather stations instrument Provider Instruments N5850A Send2NCEI Submission Package ID accessLevel: Public otherRestrictions Cite as: Williams, A. Park (2022). Climate observation data, modeled soil moisture and reconstructed soil moisture model outputs from June 800 through 2021 (NCEI Accession 0241207). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/8pt9-hz08. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. Williams, A. Park; Cook, Edward R.; Smerdon, Jason E.; Cook, Benjamin I.; Abatzoglou, John T.; Bolles, Kasey; Baek, Seung H.; Badger, Andrew M.; Livneh, Ben (2020). Large contribution from anthropogenic warming to an emerging North American megadrought (NCEI Accession 0209529). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/2vbe-8092. 2020-05-09 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.25921/2vbe-8092 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0209529 https://doi.org/10.25921/2vbe-8092 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.25921/2vbe-8092 A superset of accession 0241207 information Williams, A. Park Columbia University; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information author Cook, Edward R. author Smerdon, Jason E. author Cook, Benjamin I. author Abatzoglou, John T. author Bolles, Kasey author Baek, Seung H. author Badger, Andrew M. author Livneh, Ben University of Colorado Boulder https://www.colorado.edu/ HTTPS University of Colorado Boulder website Institution web page information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher tableDigital crossReference collection Williams, A. P., Cook, B. I., & Smerdon, J. E. (2022). Rapid intensification of the emerging southwestern North American megadrought in 2020–2021. Nature Climate Change, 12(3), 232–234. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01290-z 2022-02-14 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01290-z https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01290-z HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01290-z related journal article information Williams, A. Park University of California, Los Angeles author Cook, Benjamin I. author Smerdon, Jason E. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/ HTTP Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) website Institution web page information author Springer Science and Business Media LLC publisher documentDigital Nat. Clim. Chang. 12(3) ISSN 1758-678X, ISSN 1758-6798, pp. 232-234 crossReference sciencePaper eng; USA utf8 environment climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere -170.125 -51.875 10.875 72.625 0800-06-01 2021-12-31 This archival information package is an update of the original climate data, modeled soil moisture dataset, and reconstructed soil moisture dataset found in NCEI accession 0209529. The original dataset included data produced for a large number of sensitivity analyses that were not repeated for this update. For example, a big contribution of the large size of NCEI accession 0209529 was inclusion of daily meteorological and soil-moisture records that were used by, or generated from, an alternate hydrological model for a sensitivity analysis. That sensitivity analysis was not conducted or included in this update. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. netCDF HDF5 ASCII Text PNG 41363.764 https://doi.org/10.25921/8pt9-hz08 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/241207 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/241207 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0212/0241207/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0241207 v1.1 was published. 2022-02-05T01:27:17Z NCEI Accession 0241207 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0241207/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0241207 v1.1 published 2022-02-05T01:27:17Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: monthly mean maximum daily temperature (measured); Units: degrees Celsius; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: weather stations; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Data gridded to 1/4 degree latitude x longitude for Jan 1901-Aug 2021; Data Quality Method: Data from US: NOAA Climgrid Data for Canada and Mexcio: CRU 4.05 for 1901-2020, WCMWF ERA5 for Jan-Jun 2021, North American Regional Reanalysis for Jul-Aug 2021. Parameter or Variable: monthly mean minimum daily temperature (measured); Units: degrees Celsius; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: weather stations; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Data gridded to 1/4 degree latitude x longitude for Jan 1901-Aug 2021; Data Quality Method: Data from US: NOAA Climgrid Data for Canada and Mexcio: CRU 4.05 for 1901-2020, WCMWF ERA5 for Jan-Jun 2021, North American Regional Reanalysis for Jul-Aug 2021. Parameter or Variable: monthly precipitation total (measured); Units: mm; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: weather stations; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Data gridded to 1/4 degree latitude x longitude for Jan 1901-Aug 2021; Data Quality Method: Data from US: NOAA Climgrid Data for Canada and Mexcio: CRU 4.05 for 1901-2020, WCMWF ERA5 for Jan-Jun 2021, North American Regional Reanalysis for Jul-Aug 2021. Parameter or Variable: monthly saturation vapor pressure (calculated); Units: hectopascal; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: weather stations; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Data gridded to 1/4 degree latitude x longitude for Jan 1901-Aug 2021; Data Quality Method: Calculated from monthly means of daily maximum and minimum temperature and bias corrected for non-linear effects based on regression parameters calculated from hourly meteorological forcing data produced by the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) v2. Outside of the NLDAS domain, 3-hourly data from the v3 of the Princeton Global Forcing dataset were used to determine the bias-correction coefficients. Parameter or Variable: monthly mean vapor pressure (measured); Units: hectopascal; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: weather stations; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Data gridded to 1/4 degree latitude x longitude for Jan 1901-Aug 2021; Data Quality Method: Data from US: Oregon State PRISM dataset, bias corrected for non-linear relationship between monthly mean dew point (provided by PRISM) and monthly mean vapor pressure using coefficients derived from hourly NLDAS2 data. Data from Canada and Mexcio: Princeton Global Forcing (PGF) v2 for 1901-1947, PGF v3 for 1948-2016, North American Regional Reanalysis for 2017-2021. Parameter or Variable: monthly mean relative humidity (calculated); Units: percent; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: weather stations; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Data gridded to 1/4 degree latitude x longitude for Jan 1901-Aug 2021; Data Quality Method: Calculated from monthly means of saturation vapor pressure and actual vapor pressure and bias corrected for non-linear relationship between actual monthly mean relative humidity and that calculated from monthly means of saturation and actual vapor pressure using hourly NLDAS2 data in the NLDAS region and 3-hourly Princeton Global Forcing v3 data outside the NLDAS domain. Parameter or Variable: monthly mean wind speed (calculated); Units: meters per second; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: weather stations; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Data gridded to 1/4 degree latitude x longitude for Jan 1901-Aug 2021; Data Quality Method: Calculated from daily PGVv2 for 1901-1947, daily PGFv3 for 1948-1978, and 3-hourly North American Regional Reanalysis for 1979-2021. In the NLDAS region, monthly mean wind speed is calculated from hourly NLDAS2 data for 1979-2021. Parameter or Variable: monthly mean downward solar radiation at the surface (calculated); Units: watts per meter squared; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: weather stations and satellites; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Data gridded to 1/4 degree latitude x longitude for Jan 1901-Aug 2021; Data Quality Method: Calculated from PGVv2 for 1901-1947, PGFv3 for 1948-1978, and North American Regional Reanalysis for 1979-2021. In the NLDAS region, calculated from NLDAS2 data for 1979-2021. Parameter or Variable: monthly total Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration (calculated); Units: mm; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: none; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Data gridded to 1/4 degree latitude x longitude for Jan 1901-Aug 2021; Data Quality Method: Calculated from monthly means of daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature, saturation vapor pressure, actual vapor pressure, 2-m wind speed, and downward solar radiation at the surface. Method used is the short-grass reference evapotranspiration calculation described by Allen et al (1998): http://www.fao.org/3/X0490E/X0490E00.htm Parameter or Variable: Palmer's Z-index (calculated); Units: unitless; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: none; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Data gridded to 1/4 degree latitude x longitude for Jan 1901-Aug 2021; Data Quality Method: Calculated from monthly totals of precipitation and reference evapotranspiration. This index represents standardized monthly changes in the local soil moisture. Parameter or Variable: Model-Calibrated Drought Index (calculated); Units: unitless; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: none; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Data gridded to 1/4 degree latitude x longitude for Jan 1901-Aug 2021; Data Quality Method: Standardized proxy for monthly mean soil-moisture calculated from the Palmer Z-index, where each month's MCDI value is a weighted combination of last month's MCDI value and the current month's Palmer Z-index value. Methods were developed and described by Williams et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027523 Parameter or Variable: monthly fraction of mean 0-200 cm soil moisture plus snow-water equivalent (calculated); Units: fraction; Observation Category: model output; Sampling Instrument: none; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Data gridded to 1/4 degree latitude x longitude for Jan 1901-Aug 2021; Data Quality Method: Monthly fraction of mean soil moisture (SMf) is estimated as a linear function of MCDI, where the linear regression coefficients were determined using monthly mean soil moisture data simulated by the NCAR Community Noah land-surface model through the Global Land Data assimilation system over 1950-2010. Parameter or Variable: reconstructed summer 0-200 cm soil moisture plus snow-water equivalent (calculated); Units: fraction; Observation Category: other; Sampling Instrument: tree rings; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Annual records of fraction of mean summer (June-August) 0-200 cm soil moisture (SMf) gridded to 1/2 degree latitude x longitude for 800-1983 CE.; Data Quality Method: Gridded reconstructions were developed using principal component regression to estimate gridded records of observation-based SMf from many tree-ring records. Parameter or Variable: tree-ring width index (measured); Units: ring-width index; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: microscope and measurement stage asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian