gov.noaa.nodc:0191304 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-04-24T13:06:55Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) A combined globally mapped carbon dioxide (CO2) flux estimate based on the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database (SOCAT) and Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) biogeochemistry floats from 1982 to 2017 (NCEI Accession 0191304) 2019-07-12 publication 2019-07-19 revision 2019-07-08 creation International DOI Foundation (IDF) 10.25921/9hsn-xq82 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0191304 NCEI Archive Management System 0191304 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Peter Landschützer Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) peter.landschuetzer@mpimet.mpg.de http://www.vliz.be HTTP Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Max Planck Institute for Meteorology - Hamburg (MPI) resourceProvider Peter Landschützer Max Planck Institute for Meteorology - Hamburg (MPI) peter.landschuetzer@mpimet.mpg.de principalInvestigator Seth M. Bushinsky University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (UHM) https://manoa.hawaii.edu/ HTTPS University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (UHM) website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Alison R. Gray UW School of Oceanography peter.landschuetzer@mpimet.mpg.de http://www.ocean.washington.edu HTTP UW School of Oceanography website Institution web page information principalInvestigator Landschützer, Peter Max Planck Institute for Meteorology - Hamburg (MPI) author Bushinsky, Seth M. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (UHM) https://manoa.hawaii.edu/ HTTPS University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (UHM) website Institution web page information author Gray, Alison R. UW School of Oceanography http://www.ocean.washington.edu HTTP UW School of Oceanography website Institution web page information author Max Planck Institute for Meteorology - Hamburg (MPI) contributor Princeton University http://www.princeton.edu HTTP Princeton University website Institution web page information contributor University of Washington (UW) contributor tableDigital This dataset contains a combined globally mapped estimate of the air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) based on Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database (SOCAT) partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and calculated pCO2 from Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) biogeochemistry floats from 1982 to 2017. The pCO2 fields were created using a 2-step neural network technique. In a first step, the global ocean is divided into 16 biogeochemical provinces using a self-organizing map. In a second step, the non-linear relationship between variables known to drive the surface ocean carbon system and gridded observations from the SOCAT dataset (Bakker et al., 2016) starting in 1982 in various combinations with calculated pCO2 from biogeochemical ARGO floats starting in 2014 from the SOCCOM project (Johnson et al., 2017) is reconstructed using a feed-forward neural network within each province separately. The final product is then produced by projecting these driving variables, i.e., surface temperature, chlorophyll, mixed layer depth, and atmospheric CO2 onto oceanic pCO2 using these non-linear relationships. This results in monthly pCO2 fields at 1°x1° resolution covering the entire globe with the exception of the Arctic Ocean and few marginal seas. The air-sea CO2 flux is then computed using a standard bulk formula. This dataset is available to the public for a wide variety of uses including scientific research and analysis. completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded NCEI Accession 0191304 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0191304 Preview graphic PNG 0191304 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2019-07-01 publication Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide - atmosphere partial pressure of carbon dioxide - water theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer showerhead equilibrator instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS chemical derived products physical surface measurements theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS MULTIPLE SHIPS OF GERMANY platform NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS Max Planck Institute for Meteorology - Hamburg Princeton University University of Washington dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Max Planck Institute for Meteorology - Hamburg dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) project NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS Indian Ocean North Atlantic Ocean North Pacific Ocean South Atlantic Ocean South Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication MPI-M > Max Planck Institute for Meteorology dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS) Project project Ocean Acidification Search Keywords EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY > CARBON AND HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS > ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE > PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > CARBON DIOXIDE theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian Data synthesis product Surface underway theme OCADS Study Type fgco2_raw fgco2_smoothed lat lon spco2_raw spco2_smoothed time theme Provider Variable Abbreviations CO2 ANALYZERS > CO2 ANALYZERS EQUILIBRATORS instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian OCEAN > ATLANTIC OCEAN > NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN > ATLANTIC OCEAN > SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN > INDIAN OCEAN OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN OCEAN > SOUTHERN OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 24 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian World Ocean place Provider Geographic Names accessLevel: public otherRestrictions Cite as: Landschützer, Peter; Bushinsky, Seth M.; Gray, Alison R. (2019). A combined globally mapped carbon dioxide (CO2) flux estimate based on the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database (SOCAT) and Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) biogeochemistry floats from 1982 to 2017 (NCEI Accession 0191304). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/9hsn-xq82. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., & Schuster, U. (2014). Recent variability of the global ocean carbon sink. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 28(9), 927–949. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gb004853 2014-09 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gb004853 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gb004853 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gb004853 related journal article information Landschützer, P. Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland author Gruber, N. Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland author Bakker, D. C. E. Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK author Schuster, U. College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hatherly Laboratories University of Exeter Exeter UK author American Geophysical Union (AGU) publisher documentDigital Global Biogeochemical Cycles 28(9) ISSN 0886-6236, ISSN 1944-9224, pp. 927-949 crossReference project Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O’Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., … Watson, A. J. (2014). An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2). Earth System Science Data, 6(1), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014 2014-03-07 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014 related journal article information Bakker, D. C. E. University of East Anglia author Pfeil, B. author Smith, K. author Hankin, S. author Olsen, A. University of Bergen author Alin, S. R. author Cosca, C. author Harasawa, S. author Kozyr, A. author Nojiri, Y. author O'Brien, K. M. author Schuster, U. author Telszewski, M. author Tilbrook, B. CSIRO author Wada, C. author Akl, J. author Barbero, L. University of Miami http://www.miami.edu/ HTTP University of Miami (UM) website Institution web page information author Bates, N. R. author Boutin, J. CNRS Délégation Paris B https://www.cnrs.fr/ HTTPS French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) website Institution web page information author Bozec, Y. author Cai, W.-J. author Castle, R. D. author Chavez, F. P. author Chen, L. author Chierici, M. author Currie, K. author de Baar, H. J. W. author Evans, W. author Feely, R. A. author Fransson, A. author Gao, Z. author Hales, B. author Hardman-Mountford, N. J. author Hoppema, M. Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Huang, W.-J. author Hunt, C. W. author Huss, B. author Ichikawa, T. author Johannessen, T. University of Bergen author Jones, E. M. author Jones, S. D. VLIZ author Jutterström, S. author Kitidis, V. author Körtzinger, A. author Landschützer, P. author Lauvset, S. K. author Lefèvre, N. author Manke, A. B. author Mathis, J. T. author Merlivat, L. author Metzl, N. author Murata, A. author Newberger, T. author Omar, A. M. author Ono, T. author Park, G.-H. author Paterson, K. author Pierrot, D. author Ríos, A. F. author Sabine, C. L. author Saito, S. author Salisbury, J. author Sarma, V. V. S. S. author Schlitzer, R. Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung author Sieger, R. Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Skjelvan, I. author Steinhoff, T. author Sullivan, K. F. author Sun, H. author Sutton, A. J. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory author Suzuki, T. author Sweeney, C. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ HTTPS NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) website Institution web page information author Takahashi, T. author Tjiputra, J. author Tsurushima, N. author van Heuven, S. M. A. C. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar und Meeresforschung https://www.awi.de/ HTTPS Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) website Institution web page information author Vandemark, D. author Vlahos, P. author Wallace, D. W. R. author Wanninkhof, R. author Watson, A. J. author Copernicus GmbH publisher documentDigital Earth Syst. Sci. Data 6(1) ISSN 1866-3516, pp. 69-90 crossReference project Johnson, K. S., Plant, J. N., Coletti, L. J., Jannasch, H. W., Sakamoto, C. M., Riser, S. C., Swift, D. D., Williams, N. L., Boss, E., Haëntjens, N., Talley, L. D., & Sarmiento, J. L. (2017). Biogeochemical sensor performance in the SOCCOM profiling float array. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122(8), 6416–6436. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jc012838 2017-08 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jc012838 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jc012838 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jc012838 journal article information Johnson, Kenneth S. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research InstituteMoss Landing California USA author Plant, Joshua N. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research InstituteMoss Landing California USA author Coletti, Luke J. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research InstituteMoss Landing California USA author Jannasch, Hans W. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research InstituteMoss Landing California USA author Sakamoto, Carole M. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research InstituteMoss Landing California USA author Riser, Stephen C. School of OceanographyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington USA author Swift, Dana D. School of OceanographyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington USA author Williams, Nancy L. College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallis Oregon USA author Boss, Emmanuel School of Marine SciencesUniversity of MaineOrono Maine USA author Haëntjens, Nils School of Marine SciencesUniversity of MaineOrono Maine USA author Talley, Lynne D. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla California USA author Sarmiento, Jorge L. Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesPrinceton UniversityPrinceton New Jersey USA author American Geophysical Union (AGU) publisher documentDigital JGR Oceans 122(8) ISSN 2169-9275, ISSN 2169-9291, pp. 6416-6436 crossReference project Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., Nakaoka, S., Payne, M. R., Sasse, T. P., & Zeng, J. (2013). A neural network-based estimate of the seasonal to inter-annual variability of the Atlantic Ocean carbon sink. Biogeosciences, 10(11), 7793–7815. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7793-2013 2013-11-29 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7793-2013 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7793-2013 HTTPS https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7793-2013 related journal article information Landschützer, P. author Gruber, N. ETH Zürich http://www.ethz.ch HTTP ETH Zurich website Institution web page information author Bakker, D. C. E. University of East Anglia author Schuster, U. author Nakaoka, S. National Institute for Environmental Studies author Payne, M. R. author Sasse, T. P. author Zeng, J. author Copernicus GmbH publisher documentDigital Biogeosciences 10(11) ISSN 1726-4189, pp. 7793-7815 crossReference project A combined estimate of the air-sea exchange of CO2 based on SOCAT pCO2 and calculated pCO2 from SOCCOM biogeochemistry floats. 2022 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/MPI-SOM_FFN_SOCCOMv2018.html HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/MPI-SOM_FFN_SOCCOMv2018.html Related resource information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital crossReference project NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022). Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System (OCADS). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system 2022-04 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system OCADS website information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher documentDigital [accessed 2024-02-08] crossReference program eng; USA utf8 environment oceans -180 180 -89.5 89.5 1982-01-01 2017-12-31 In this accession, NCEI has archived multiple versions of these data. The latest (and best) version of these data has the largest version number. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. Originator data format 1751.012 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0191304.html HTTPS Web browser Project Metadata Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://doi.org/10.25921/9hsn-xq82 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/191304 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/191304 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0140/0191304/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0191304 v1.1 was published. 2019-07-12T18:28:01Z NCEI Accession 0191304 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0191304/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0191304 v1.1 published 2019-07-12T18:28:01Z download NCEI Accession 0191304 was revised and v2.2 was published. Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2019-07-19T19:15:41Z NCEI Accession 0191304 v2.2 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0191304/2.2 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0191304 v2.2 published 2019-07-19T19:15:41Z download dataset Parameter or Variable: latitude in degrees north (89.5°S - 89.5°N with 1° resolution); Abbreviation: lat; Controlled vocabulary name: Latitude Parameter or Variable: longitude in degrees east (179.5°W-179.5°E with 1° resolution); Abbreviation: lon; Controlled vocabulary name: Longitude Parameter or Variable: time in seconds since 2000-01-01-00:00 (monthly resolution); Abbreviation: time; Controlled vocabulary name: Time Parameter or Variable: The raw 2-step neural network sea surface pCO2 output in μatm from both SOCAT and SOCCOM; Abbreviation: spco2_raw; Unit: μatm; Controlled vocabulary name: partial pressure of carbon dioxide - water; Observation type: calculated Parameter or Variable: The air-sea flux density, calculated from the raw sea surface pCO2 in mol m-2 yr-1; Abbreviation: fgco2_raw; Unit: mol m-2 yr-1; Controlled vocabulary name: partial pressure of carbon dioxide - flux; Observation type: calculated Parameter or Variable: A smoothed product of the raw pCO2, created by the spatial and temporal mean of each points neighboring pixels (the 3x3x3 pixel neighborhood domain) in μatm; Abbreviation: spco2_smoothed; Unit: μatm; Controlled vocabulary name: partial pressure of carbon dioxide - flux; Observation type: calculated Parameter or Variable: A smoothed product of the raw air-sea CO2 flux, created by the spatial and temporal mean of each points neighboring pixels (the 3x3x3 pixel neighborhood domain) in mol m-2 yr-1; Abbreviation: fgco2_smoothed; Unit: m-2 yr-1; Controlled vocabulary name: partial pressure of carbon dioxide - flux; Observation type: calculated asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer measures gaseous carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide gas analyzer has often been referred to as LI-COR, because a lot of researchers choose to use products manufactured by LI-COR incorporation for their carbon dioxide measurement. The main component of a carbon dioxide analyzer is a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopic sensors to detect CO2 in a gaseous environment by its characteristic absorption. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator (insttypes_id 184) to measure carbon dioxide in the water. To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water. showerhead equilibrator showerhead equilibrator extracts dissolved CO2 from water A carbon dioxide equilibrator is usually in the shape of a vertical tube, with a showerhead on the top, some headspace, a lot of beads to increase the surface exchange area between water and air, a water seal device at the bottom to allow water to overflow, but prevents air exchange between inside and outside. Carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer (insttypes_id 183) to measure carbon dioxide in the water. To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water. MULTIPLE SHIPS OF GERMANY MULTIPLE SHIPS OF GERMANY