gov.noaa.nodc:0054501 eng utf8 dataset NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NOAA Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information custodian 2026-02-09T05:39:03Z ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD) Version 2 - Global, 4 km Sea Surface Temperature and Related Thermal Stress Metrics for 1982-2008 (NCEI Accession 0054501) 2009-06-10 publication 2026-02-09 revision 2009-06-10 creation NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0054501 NCEI Archive Management System 0054501 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information publisher Kenneth S. Casey NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) kenneth.casey@noaa.gov resourceProvider US National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ HTTPS US National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) website Institution web page information resourceProvider Selig, Elizabeth R. University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill author Bruno, John F. University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill author Casey, Kenneth S. NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ HTTPS US National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) website Institution web page information author US National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ HTTPS US National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) website Institution web page information contributor University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill (UNC) contributor tableDigital The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD) is a collection of sea surface temperature (SST) and related thermal stress metrics, developed specifically for coral reef ecosystem applications but relevant to other ecosystems as well. The CoRTAD Version 2 contains global, approximately 4 km resolution SST data on a weekly time scale from 1982 through 2008. It is related to the CoRTAD Version 1 (NCEI Accession 0044419), with a few important differences. Whereas Version 1 covers the time period from 1985-2005, Version 2 contains 6 additional years of data, extending that period to 1982-2008. Also, whereas Version 1 is in HDF4 Scientific Data Set format, Version 2 is in HDF5 format. In addition to SST, the CoRTAD contains SST anomaly (SSTA, weekly SST minus weekly climatological SST), thermal stress anomaly (TSA, weekly SST minus the maximum weekly climatological SST), SSTA Degree Heating Week (SSTA_DHW, sum of previous 12 weeks when SSTA >= 1 degree C), SSTA Frequency (number of times over the previous 52 weeks that SSTA >= 1 degree C), TSA DHW (TSA_DHW, also known as Degree Heating Week, sum of previous 12 weeks when TSA >= 1 degree C), and TSA Frequency (number of times over previous 52 weeks that TSA >=1 degree C). The CoRTAD was created at the NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center in partnership with the University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, with support from the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. The purpose of the CoRTAD is to provide sea surface temperature data and related thermal stress parameters with good temporal consistency, high accuracy, and fine spatial resolution. The CoRTAD is intended primarily for climate and ecosystem related applications and studies and was designed specifically to address questions concerning the relationship between coral disease and bleaching and temperature stress. To provide sea surface temperature data and related thermal stress parameters with good temporal consistency, high accuracy, and fine spatial resolution. The CoRTAD is intended primarily for climate and ecosystem related applications and studies and was designed specifically to address questions concerning the relationship between coral disease and bleaching and temperature stress. completed historicalArchive NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact HTTPS NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information pointOfContact asNeeded NCEI Accession 0054501 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/gfx?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0054501 Preview graphic PNG 0054501 NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER 2009-12-04 publication SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE WATER TEMPERATURE theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS AVHRR-2 AVHRR-3 instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS satellite data theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS NOAA-11 NOAA-14 NOAA-16 NOAA-17 NOAA-18 NOAA-7 NOAA-9 platform NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill US National Oceanographic Data Center dataCentre NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS US National Oceanographic Data Center dataCentre NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS COASTAL Coral Reef Information System (CoRIS) CORAL REEF STUDIES project NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS World-Wide Distribution place NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS oceanography theme WMO_CategoryCode 2012-09-15 publication DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NODC > National Oceanographic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce dataCentre Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian 2068 513 C047 The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database project CRCP Project Numeric Data Sets > Oceanography theme CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Coastal Habitat EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Reef Habitat EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature > AVHRR EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature theme CoRIS Theme Thesaurus EARTH SCIENCE > BIOSPHERE > ECOSYSTEMS > MARINE ECOSYSTEMS > COASTAL EARTH SCIENCE > BIOSPHERE > ECOSYSTEMS > MARINE ECOSYSTEMS > REEF > CORAL REEF EARTH SCIENCE > Climate Indicators EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > WATER TEMPERATURE EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian AVHRR-2 > Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer-2 AVHRR-3 > Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer-3 instrument Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian NOAA-11 > National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-11 NOAA-14 > National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-14 NOAA-16 > National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-16 NOAA-17 > National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-17 NOAA-18 > National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-18 NOAA-7 > National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-7 NOAA-9 > National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration-9 platform Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian NOAA-11 (ICES code: 3101, 1988-2004) NOAA-14 (ICES code: 3277, 1994-2007) NOAA-16 (ICES code: 33J9, 2000-2014) NOAA-17 (ICES code: 33ZS, 2002-2013) NOAA-18 (ICES code: 33WM, 2005-2016) NOAA-7 (ICES code: 33V2, 1981-1986) NOAA-9 (ICES code: 33OO, 1984-1998) platform ICES/SeaDataNet Ship Codes COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Marshall Islands > Marshall Islands > Marshall Islands (09N168E0000) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Micronesia > Micronesia (07N150E0000) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Northern Mariana Islands > Northern Mariana Islands > Northern Mariana Islands ( CNMI ) (18N146E0000) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Palau > Palau > Palau ( Belau ) (07N134E0000) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > American Samoa (14S170W0000) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Florida COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Guam > Guam (13N144E0000) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Hawaii (21N160W0000) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Honolulu > Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (28N178W0000) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Navassa Island > Navassa Island > Navassa Island (18N075W0001) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Puerto Rico > Puerto Rico (18N066W0000) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Texas > West Flower Garden Banks (27N093W0002) COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > U. S. Virgin Islands > U. S. Virgin Islands > U. S. Virgin Islands (17N064W0000) OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > Caribbean Sea /North Atlantic Ocean > Puerto Rico > Puerto Rico (18N066W0000) OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > Caribbean Sea > Navassa Island > Navassa Island > Navassa Island (18N075W0001) OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > Caribbean Sea > Virgin Islands > Lesser Antilles > U. S. Virgin Islands (17N064W0000) OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > Gulf of Mexico > Florida OCEAN BASIN > Atlantic Ocean > North Atlantic Ocean > Florida OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Hawaii > Hawaii (21N160W0000) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Marshall Islands > Marshall Islands (09N168E0000) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (28N178W0000) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Carolines > Micronesia (07N150E0000) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Carolines > Palau ( Belau ) (07N134E0000) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Guam > Guam (13N144E0000) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Mariana Archipelago > Northern Mariana Islands ( CNMI ) (18N146E0000) place CoRIS Place Thesaurus GEOGRAPHIC REGION > GLOBAL OCEAN place Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords 2026 revision 23 Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Greenbelt MD https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords HTTPS GCMD Keyword Forum Page Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords information custodian accessLevel: Public otherRestrictions Cite as: Selig, Elizabeth R.; Bruno, John F.; Casey, Kenneth S. (2009). The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD) Version 2 - Global, 4 km Sea Surface Temperature and Related Thermal Stress Metrics for 1982-2008 (NCEI Accession 0054501). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0054501. Accessed [date]. Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. Selig, E. R., Casey, K. S., & Bruno, J. F. (2010). New insights into global patterns of ocean temperature anomalies: implications for coral reef health and management. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19(3), 397–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00522.x 2010-04-09 publication International DOI Foundation (IDF) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00522.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00522.x HTTPS https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00522.x related journal article information Selig, Elizabeth R. author Casey, Kenneth S. author Bruno, John F. author Wiley publisher documentDigital Global Ecology and Biogeography 19(3) ISSN 1466-822X, ISSN 1466-8238, pp. 397-411 crossReference sciencePaper Selig, Elizabeth R.; Bruno, John F.; Casey, Kenneth S. (2008). The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD) - Global, 4 km, Sea Surface Temperature and Related Thermal Stress Metrics for 1985-2005 (NCEI Accession 0044419). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0044419. 2008-08-08 publication NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information gov.noaa.nodc:0044419 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0044419 HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0044419 CoRTAD Version 1 information Selig, Elizabeth R. University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill author Bruno, John F. University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill author Casey, Kenneth S. NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ HTTPS US National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) website Institution web page information author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher tableDigital crossReference NCEI: AVHRR Pathfinder SST 2010 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/avhrr-pathfinder-sst HTTPS https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/avhrr-pathfinder-sst NCEI project web site information Group for High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (SST) (GHRSST) https://www.ghrsst.org/ HTTPS website Institution web page information originator US National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ HTTPS US National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) website Institution web page information originator NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) originator NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) publisher crossReference project eng; USA utf8 environment oceans economy climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere biota -180 180 -90 90 1982-01-01 2008-12-31 [Text below adapted from: Selig, E. R., Casey, K. S., & Bruno, J. F. (2010). New insights into global patterns of ocean temperature anomalies: implications for coral reef health and management. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19(3), 397–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00522.x. Hereafter referred to as "SCB2010".] The CoRTAD was developed using data from the Pathfinder Version 5 collection produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) and the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. These sea surface temperature data are derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor and are processed to a resolution of approximately 4.6 km at the equator. These data have the highest resolution covering the longest time period of any satellite-based ocean temperature dataset (see Figure 1 of SCB2010). Weekly averages of day and night data with a quality flag of 4 or better were used, which is a commonly accepted cutoff for "good" data (Kilpatrick et al., 2001, Casey and Cornillon, 1999). By using a day-night average, the number of missing pixels was reduced by 25% with virtually no loss in accuracy (see Table 2 of SCB2010). The Pathfinder algorithm eliminates any observation with a Sea Surface Temperature (SST) more than 2 degrees C different from a relatively coarse resolution SST value based on the Reynolds Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (OISST version 2.0)* value, a long-term, in situ-based data set (Kilpatrick et al., 2001, Reynolds et al., 2002). Observations were added back into the analysis if the SST was greater than the OISST-5 degrees C, but less than the OISST+5 degrees C. The 5 degrees C threshold is a reasonable selection that allows diurnal warming events (Kawai and Wada, 2007) or other spatially limited warm spots back into the dataset without including unrealistic and erroneously warm values. Values less than the OISST were not included because they may have been biased by cloud contamination and other satellite errors, which tend to result in cooler SST estimates. These processes resulted in a dataset with only 21.2 percent missing data. To create a gap-free dataset for analysis, 3 x 3 pixel median spatial fill was used. A temporal fill was performed using the Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolating Polynomial (PCHIP) function in Matlab (The Mathworks Inc., 2006) to fill the remaining gaps. This conservative approach was chosen because it provided interpolated SSTs that are bounded by the nearest available values in time. It also used data from only a very limited spatial domain, which is an important consideration given the variability of coral reef environments. [*NOTE: The higher resolution Reynolds 25km Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (DOISST version 2.0) dataset was used in place of the OISST version 2.0 for the Pathfinder data from 1982-1984. The primary effect of this change is to retain more data in the high gradient regions and in regions where meandering or feature advection is present; effect on the retrieved SST is minimal. Two problems with the original Pathfinder data from 1982-1984 have been identified. An error was discovered in the processing of the reference SST fields, which created a "halo" of cold pixels around coastlines in the reference field. As a result, several anomalously cool Pathfinder SST pixels have passed the reference test during processing and been assigned quality flag values that are too high. The second problem arises from the fact that the reference SST field used for 1982-1984 data lacks inland SST observations. As a result, the gap-filling routine employed by the CoRTAD fails for inland pixels for the entire 1982-1984 period. In order to avoid contamination of climatology-based thermal metrics and statistics calculated in the CoRTAD, all data from 1982-1984 were omitted from the climatology. Thus, the CoRTAD Version 2 climatology was calculated using only 1985-2008 data. All CoRTAD fields have been calculated for the entire time series (1982-2008) based on this climatology. For an image demonstrating these problems in Pathfinder processing, please see the "Known Problems" section of the Pathfinder Version 5 User Guide.] Using these gap-filled data, we then created site-specific climatologies for each reef grid cell to describe long-term temperature patterns over the 21-year dataset (Eqn. 1). The climatology was generated using a harmonic analysis procedure that fits annual and semi-annual signals to the time series of weekly SSTs at each grid cell: climSST(t) = A*cos(2pi*t + B) + C*cos(4pi*t + D) + E (1) where t is time, A and B are coefficients representing the annual phase and amplitude, C and D are the semi-annual phase and amplitude, and E is the long-term temperature mean. Similar approaches have been used for generating climatologies because they are more robust than simple averaging techniques, which can be more susceptible to data gaps from periods of cloudiness (Podesta et al., 1991, Mesias et al., 2007). Sea surface temperatures from AVHRR quantify only the temperature of the 'skin' of the ocean, roughly the first 10 micrometers of the ocean surface (Donlon et al., 2007). Most field surveys of coral cover occur between 1 and 15 m depth. To be useful for coupling with coral reef biological data, these temperature data must be relatively accurate beyond the 'skin' of the ocean. Linear regression was used to examine how data from in situ reef temperature loggers compared with data from the CoRTAD to demonstrate the good accuracy of the CoRTAD temperature data compared to in situ data at a variety of depths and locations around the world (see Table 2 of SCB2010 for details). Temperature anomaly metrics: Several metrics could be used to link coral reef ecosystem health with temperature including trophic structure, diversity or percent coral cover (Newman et al., 2006, Roberts et al., 2002, Bruno and Selig, 2007). However, this analysis focused on coral bleaching and disease because they are key drivers of coral decline and their relationships with temperature patterns are better understood (Aronson and Precht, 2001, Bruno et al., 2007, Glynn, 1993). Analyses were performed on two metrics (see Table 1 of SCB2010): one that is commonly known to lead to bleaching (Liu et al., 2003, Strong et al., 2004, Glynn, 1993), and one that is correlated with increased disease severity (Selig et al., 2006, Bruno et al., 2007). Coral bleaching results when corals lose their symbiotic zooxanthellae (Glynn, 1993, Glynn, 1996). Bleaching is a natural stress response not only to warm temperatures, but also to cool temperatures (Hoegh-Guldberg and Fine, 2004) as well as light and salinity values different from the normal range (Glynn, 1993). Corals can recover from bleaching, but their ability to do so is dependent on the magnitude and duration of the anomaly event (Glynn, 1993). The temperature thresholds that result in coral bleaching vary by location and species (Berkelmans and Willis, 1999). Bleaching is often connected to Thermal Stress Anomalies (TSAs), which are defined as areas where temperatures exceed by 1 degree C or more the climatologically warmest week of the year (Table 2, Glynn, 1993). The temperature anomaly thresholds relevant to disease have been studied in only one pathogen-host system (Selig et al., 2006, Bruno et al., 2007). In that system, changes in disease cases were correlated with Weekly Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (WSSTAs), temperatures that were 1 degree C greater than the weekly average for that location. The best metric for predicting bleaching or disease may vary according to location, species, and pathogen (Selig et al., 2006, Bruno et al., 2007, Berkelmans, 2002). For example, bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef was best predicted by the maximum anomaly over a 3 day period (Berkelmans et al., 2004), rather than an anomaly metric like the TSA. Although the 7-day averaging approach in the CoRTAD may be too temporally coarse to capture all bleaching events, it is necessary to maintain consistency and minimize gaps in the dataset across broad spatial scales. In addition, the data are less likely to yield false positives for TSAs and will likely capture most WSSTA events, which have a lower temperature threshold. References: (see SCB2010 for complete list) NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information +1-301-713-3277 ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media. Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions. HDF 5 194413.74 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/coral-reef-temperature-anomaly-database HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/thredds-ocean/catalog/cortad/Version2/catalog.html THREDDS Web browsers can browse THREDDS Data Servers and specialized THREDDS software can enable more sophisticated data access and visualizations. THREDDS These data are available through a variety of services via a THREDDS (Thematic Real-time Environmental Distributed Data Services) Data Server (TDS). Depending on the dataset, the TDS can provide WMS, WCS, DAP, HTTP, and other data access and metadata services as well. For more information on the TDS, see http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/thredds/current/tds/. download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/cortad/Version2/ HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data.nodc/cortad/Version2/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0054501 HTTPS Web browser NCEI Dataset Landing Page Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/54501 HTTPS Web browser Descriptive Information Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/54501 HTTPS Web browser HTTPS Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. download ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0029/0054501/ FTP Any FTP client FTP These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). download dataset NCEI Accession 0054501 v1.1 was published. 2009-06-10T22:11:37Z NCEI Accession 0054501 v1.1 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0054501/1.1 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0054501 v1.1 published 2009-06-10T22:11:37Z download NCEI Accession 0054501 was revised and v1.2 was published. Additional metadata files were received or created for this dataset. These updates were copied into the about/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. 2026-02-09T02:01:44Z NCEI Accession 0054501 v1.2 publication https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0054501/1.2 HTTPS NCEI Accession 0054501 v1.2 published 2026-02-09T02:01:44Z download repository NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015. 2015-04-22T00:00:00 asNeeded Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information custodian AVHRR-2 AVHRR-2 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer-2 The AVHRR-2 is a multi purpose imaging instrument used for global measurement of cloud cover, sea surface temperature, ice, snow and vegetation cover and characteristics. This instrument was initially carried on NOAA-7 (launched June 1981) and was last flown on NOAA-14 which was decommissioned in 2005. This 5-channel radiometer covering 2 visible and 3 thermal infrared between 0.63 and 12.0 micrometers, has an instantaneous footprint of 1.1 km at the sub satellite point. Additional Information: https://nwpsaf.eu/deliverables/aapp/avhrr_2.html AVHRR-3 AVHRR-3 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer-3 The AVHRR-3 is a six channel scanning radiometer providing 3 solar channels in the visible-near infrared region and 3 thermal infrared channels. The AVHRR-3 has two one-micrometer wide channels between 10.3 and 12.5 micrometers. This latest version of AVHRR was first carried on NOAA-15 launched in May 1998 and subsequently in all current NOAA and MetOp platforms. Measuring the same view, this array of diverse wavelengths, after processing, permits multi spectral analysis for more precisely defining hydrologic, oceanographic, and meteorological parameters. Comparison of data from two channels is often used to observe features or measure various environmental parameters. The three channels operating entirely within the infrared band are used to detect the heat radiation from and hence, the temperature of land, water, sea surfaces, and the clouds above them. Additional Information: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-1.htm NOAA-11 https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/333 Instruments: AVHRR/2 et al NOAA-14 https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/336 Instruments: AVHRR/2 et al NOAA-16 Updated information from ICES for the platform NOAA-16 from United States. Name NOAA-16 Country(s) US: UNITED STATES Platform Class 65: Orbiting satellite Native Name Synonyms Call Sign MMSI IMO Pennant Title Commissioned Date 2000 Decommissioned Date 2014 Notes Polar-orbiting environmental satellite launched September 2000. The NODC has archived AVHRR SST data collected from this platform as part of the Pathfinder project. Instruments: AVHRR/3 et al Information Source (URL) https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/338 Confirmed by NOAA on 2018-07-17. NOAA-17 Updated information from ICES for the platform NOAA-17 from United States. Name NOAA-17 Country(s) US: UNITED STATES Platform Class 65: Orbiting satellite Native Name Synonyms Call Sign MMSI IMO Pennant Title Commissioned Date 2002 Decommissioned Date 2013 Notes Polar-orbiting environmental satellite launched June 2002. The NODC has archived AVHRR SST data collected from this platform as part of the Pathfinder project. Instruments: AVHRR/3 et al Information source (URL) https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/339 Confirmed by NOAA on 2018-07-17. NOAA-18 Updated information from ICES for the platform NOAA-18 from United States. Name NOAA-18 Country(s) US: UNITED STATES Platform Class 65: Orbiting satellite Native Name Synonyms Call Sign MMSI IMO Pennant Title Commissioned Date 2005 Decommissioned Date 2016 Notes Polar-orbiting environmental satellite launched May 2005 as NOAA-N. The NODC has archived AVHRR SST data collected from this platform as part of the Pathfinder project. Instruments: AVHRR/3 et al Information source (URL) https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/340 Confirmed by NOAA on 2018-07-17. NOAA-7 Updated information from ICES for the platform NOAA-7 from UNITED STATES. Name NOAA-7 Country(s) US: UNITED STATES Platform Class 65: Orbiting satellite Commissioned Date 1981-06-23 Decommissioned Date 1986-06-07 Notes Selected global data available from NOAA. Significant contribution to Space weather and operational meteorology. Information source (URL) https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/329 All known Instruments flying on NOAA-7 Acronym - Full name Argos - Argos Data Collection System AVHRR/2 - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer / 2 HIRS/2 - High-resolution Infra Red Sounder / 2 MSU - Microwave Sounding Unit SSU - Stratospheric Sounding Unit SEM/MEPED - SEM / Medium energy proton detector SEM/TED - SEM / Total Energy Detector Submitted to ICES on 2018-07-17. Confirmed by NOAA on 2018-08-08. NOAA-9 Updated information from ICES for the platform NOAA-9 from UNITED STATES. Name NOAA-9 Country(s) US: UNITED STATES Platform Class 65: Orbiting satellite Confirmed by NOAA on 2018-08-08. Commissioned Date 1984-12-12 Decommissioned Date 1998-02-13 Notes Selected global operational meteorology data available from NOAA. Significant contribution to Atmospheric chemistry and Space weather. All known Instruments flying on NOAA-9 Acronym - Full name Argos - Argos Data Collection System AVHRR/2 - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer / 2 ERBE - Earth Radiation Budget Experiment HIRS/2 - High-resolution Infra Red Sounder / 2 MSU - Microwave Sounding Unit S&RSAT - Search & Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking System SBUV/2 - Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet / 2 SSU - Stratospheric Sounding Unit SEM/MEPED - SEM / Medium energy proton detector SEM/TED - SEM / Total Energy Detector Information source (URL) https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/331 Submitted to ICES on 2018-07-17. Confirmed by NOAA on 2018-08-08.