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Archival and Discovery of June 15, 1896 Tsunami Event on Marigrams
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NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information have more than 3,000 tsunami marigram
(tide gauge) records in both image and paper format. The majority of these tsunami
marigram records were scanned to high-resolution digital tiff images during the NOAA
Climate Data Modernization Program (CDMP). There still remain shelves full of deteriorating
paper records that are in need of rescue reformatting to scanned images before they
are lost. As a follow-up to a successful 2016 BEDI project resulting in the archival
and discovery of data held on marigrams during four large tsunamis (1946, 1952, 1960,
1964), marigrams from five additional tsunami events in 1854, 1883, 1896, 1933, and
1968 have been digitized. These additional five tsunami events were generated in both
the Pacific and Indian Oceans and are rarely cited in research due to lack of data
access. The five tsunami events proposed here for reformat, archive, and discovery
in 2017 reside only on these same paper marigram records. Each of these datasets are
of great importance as very little digital data exists from tsunamis that occurred
during this time period, particularly those prior to the turn of the 20th Century.
These events are not only historically important but with new research into tsunami
probabilities, are statistically important as well. Similar to seismic hazard analyses,
the tsunami community is now focused on tsunami recurrence rates through probabilistic
tsunami hazard analysis to support land-use and construction decision-making. As a
result, measurements of these tsunamis are not only expected to provide researchers
with important information linking earthquake rupture to tsunami generation and propagation
characteristics, but will add a significant number of tsunami data points to recurrence
rates calculations. All data reformatted as part of this project will be brought
into compliance with NOAA Data Directives and meet the requirements for Data Management,
Discoverability, Accessibility, Documentation, Readability, and Data Preservation
and Stewardship as per the Big Earth Data Initiative (BEDI). BEDI is designed to promote
interoperability of Earth observation data across Federal agencies, systems and platforms
through the improvement of data management practices and increased discoverability,
accessibility, and usability of data collections.
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Archival and Discovery of June 15, 1896 Tsunami Event on Marigrams |
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doi:10.7289/V57H1GW8
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Big Earth Data Initiative (BEDI): Archival and Discovery of 1854, 1883, 1896, 1933,
and 1968 Tsunami Events on Marigrams |
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NASA/GCMD Data Center Keywords |
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords |
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NASA/GCMD Instrument Keywords |
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords |
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NASA/GCMD Location Keywords |
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords |
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NASA/GCMD Platform Keywords |
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Keywords |
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NASA/GCMD Project Keywords |
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Project Keywords |
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NASA/GCMD Science Keywords |
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords |
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GraphClick |
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Marigrams recording tsunamis generated by the June 15, 1896 earthquake |
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NGDC/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database |
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None |
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DOC/NOAA > Center for Tsunami Research |
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processor |
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DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information |
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haz.info@noaa.gov |
pointOfContact |
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DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information |
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originator |
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DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information |
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publisher |
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DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information |
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author |
https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu_db.shtml |
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DOC/NOAA/OAR/PMEL/NCTR > NOAA Center for Tsunami Research, Pacific Marine Environmental
Laboratory |
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originator |
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GCMD Landing Page |
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NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Earth Science Data and Information System |
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custodian |
https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/idn/gcmd-keywords |
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https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/idn/gcmd-keywords |
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords |
The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured,
used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the
further development of the keywords. |
information |
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https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/marigrams/1234/hono_18960615.zip |
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 15, 1896 marigram from
Honolulu, Hawaii, USA |
Data access to scanned marigram TIFF image. |
download |
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https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu_db.shtml |
NGDC/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database |
Access to historical tsunami source and effects information database on tsunami events
from 2000 B.C. to the present in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, and the
Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas. |
search |
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https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/18960615_1234/digitized/hono_18960615.csv.gz |
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 15, 1896 marigram from
Honolulu, Hawaii, USA |
Data access to scanned marigram csv data. |
download |
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https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/18960615_1234/digitized/hono_18960615.nc |
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 15, 1896 marigram from
Honolulu, Hawaii, USA |
Data access to scanned marigram netCDF data. |
download |
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https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/18960615_1234/digitized/saus_18960615.csv.gz |
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 15, 1896 marigram from
San Francisco Bay (Sausalito), California, USA |
Data access to scanned marigram csv data. |
download |
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https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/marigrams/18960615_1234/digitized/saus_18960615.nc |
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 15, 1896 marigram from
San Francisco Bay (Sausalito), California, USA |
Data access to scanned marigram netCDF data. |
download |
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Marigram TIFF images were loaded into GraphClick and x,y axes were defined for 24
hour periods using the 4 known points option (coordinates at the bottom-left of the
graph, bottom-right, top-left and top-right). This option was chosen over other available
options to better represent images that may have had a tilted, wrinkled, warped or
otherwise damaged paper record. Data points were individually added along the data
curves by clicking on the center of the curved line with GraphClick recording x,y
values each of those points. These x,y values were exported from GraphClick as a text
file and transferred to Microsoft Excel 2016 for formatting of time, units and other
general file formatting required for archival. CSV files were converted to netCDF
with associated metadata. For records with curved vertical axes, one of the vertical
graticules was digitized to create a table of corrections to the x axis as a function
of height, and fit with a spline interpolation.
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On any records that included periodical height/time information written on the marigram,
such values were compared with the numerical values produced by GraphClick for consistency.
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Values were compared against digital 1 hour data provided by the station operators
where available.
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Each station was checked as necessary for observance with Daylight Savings Time.
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