Environmental Hazards and Mud Volcanoes in Romania | identificationInfo|
---|---|
(MI_Metadata) fileIdentifier: gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.photos:G01208 language: eng; USA characterSet: (MD_CharacterSetCode) utf8 hierarchyLevel: (MD_ScopeCode) dataset contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information positionName: Hazards Data Manager contactInfo: (CI_Contact) address: (CI_Address) electronicMailAddress: haz.info@noaa.gov role: (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact dateStamp: 2018-09-27 metadataStandardName: ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data metadataStandardVersion: ISO 19115-2:2009(E) return to top identificationInfo: (MD_DataIdentification) citation: (CI_Citation) title: Environmental Hazards and Mud Volcanoes in Romania date: (CI_Date) date: 1994 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication edition: First identifier: (MD_Identifier) code: Document citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information role: (CI_RoleCode) publisher citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce (comp) role: (CI_RoleCode) originator citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: National Geophysical Data Center contactInfo: (CI_Contact) address: (CI_Address) city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO role: (CI_RoleCode) publisher presentationForm: abstract: Romania, an eastern European country, is severely affected by a variety of natural hazards. These include frequent earthquakes, floods, landslides, soil erosion, and drought all of which have major social and economic impacts. Thus, there is a long tradition of study of these hazards by scientific researchers in Romania. This set of slides includes examples of landslides, rockfalls,sheet erosion, and mudflows. Romania has an area of 237,500 km2 and a great variety of geologic regions. Two-thirds of the country consists of hills, tablelands, and mountains of the Carpathian arch. The climate is dominantly temperate-continental and vegetation and soils vary widely with altitude. Altitude ranges from sea level to 2,544 meters above sea level at the highest point of the Romanian Carpathians. Romania's population in 1992 was 22.76 million inhabitants, or an average density of 95.8 people per square kilometer. The Vrancea Seismic Region of the southeastern part of the Carpathian Mountains is the most active subcrustal earthquake province of Europe. The region is characterized by high seismicity, with about three major earthquakes greater than magnitude (M) 7.0 occurring every century. The best studied earthquake of recent times occurred March 4, 1977, and had a magnitude of 7.2. This earthquake caused the death of 1,570 people, and destroyed 33,000 buildings. In addition to earthquakes, torrential rains are responsible for catastrophic floods, massive landslides, and major soil erosion. Mass movements are a significant hazard in the hilly and mountainous regions, particularly those underlain by flysch deposits. These deposits are complexes of folded and faulted sedimentary rocks containing marls, clays, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates. The distribution of mass movements in these deposits is controlled by various climatic, tectonic, and lithologic factors influenced by different land-management practices. There are significant regional differences among types of mass movements, the quantities of materials delivered from the slopes into adjacent stream channels, and risks to various human activities. In the Subcarpathians, formed predominantly of folded and faulted molasse deposits, slopes may be highly unstable. The instability is most frequently manifested by shallow (sheet) slides, landslides of medium depth, and mudflows typically 300-700 meters in length. The areas most affected by these features lie within the Curvature Subcarpathians in the Vrancea Seismic Region. In the Eastern Carpathians, formed predominantly of Cretaceous and Paleocene flysch deposits, periglacial or immediate postglacial colluvial materials are major sources of mass movements. These deposits generally range from 10 to 30 meters in depth, and landslides within them arecommonly activated or reactivated by regional deepening of the valley network in the long term, or deforestation practices by people. Because oftheir association with stream valleys, these landslides often affect towns, communication lines, and roads, and may partially or totally block valleys when they move. In the Moldlavian Plateau, the areas most affected by landslides occur on slopes built up of alternations of marls and clays, with intercalations of conglomerates and sandstones. In the Transylvanian Plateau deep landslides called "glimee" are commonly triggered by heavy rains. In the alpine belt of the Carpathian mountains, the most common mass movements are rockfalls and rock avalanches. These processes are mostcommon in the crystalline rocks on the steep slopes of glacial cirques and valleys. Sheet and gully erosion affect most of the hilly and mountainous regions of Romania. Agricultural lands on slopes steeper than 5% represent 42% ofthese regions and contribute to the bulk of sheet and gully erosion. About 20% of the agricultural lands are affected by high to very high erosionrates of 8-16 T/HA/year; 19% are subject to more moderate rates of 2-8 T/HA/Year; and about 3% are classified as slightly eroded. Highest erosion risks occur in the Curvature Subcarpathians, the Getic Subcarpathians, the north of the Getic Plateau, the central part of the Moldavian Plateau, and the west of the Translvanian Plateau. In these regions, large areas are affected by gully erosion which contributes to making about 5,000 ha/year unfit for the cultivation of crops. There is a corresponding loss of 30 million tons of soil per year. Factors related to gully erosion include poorly consolidated rocks, intense rainfall, and poor land-use practices. Mud volcanoes occur along active fault lines in the Curvature Subcarpathians, and are related to groundwater circulation under pressure.Mud volcanoes commonly are activated and reactivated during strong earthquakes. The largest mud volcanoes are located in the Berca Anticline Depression, a region rich in oil deposits. Upward movement of ground waterand oil there formed large, circular mud volcano plateaus 60-70 meters high with diameters of 200-300 meters. Within these plateaus, there are active and extinct mud volcano cones about one to three meters high. Because of the unusual formations, the region is protected from development and is a preserve for some of Romania's spectacular natural features. purpose: Make available Damage Photos for research and education credit: Patricia Lockridge status: (MD_ProgressCode) completed pointOfContact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information positionName: Hazards Data Manager contactInfo: (CI_Contact) address: (CI_Address) electronicMailAddress: haz.info@noaa.gov role: (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact resourceMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation) maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) notPlanned graphicOverview: (MD_BrowseGraphic) fileName: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/icons/small_res/15/15_318.jpg fileDescription: Mud volcano cones in the Berca Anticline Depression of the Curvature Subcarpathians. fileType: JPEG descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > LAND SURFACE > Erosion/Sedimentation > Entrainment keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > LAND SURFACE > Erosion/Sedimentation > Erosion keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > LAND SURFACE > Erosion/Sedimentation > Weathering keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > Coastal Processes > Erosion keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Tectonics > Faults keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Eruption Dynamics keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Lava keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Magma keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Pyroclastics keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Volcanic Ash/Dust type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: NASA/GCMD Earth Science Keywords date: (unknown) descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: Disasters > Catastrophic phenomena > Landslides type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: INFOTERRA Keyword Thesaurus date: (unknown) descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: ICSU-WDS > International Council for Science - World Data System type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) project thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Project Keywords date: (CI_Date) date: 2020-01-09 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication edition: 9.1 citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Earth Science Data and Information System contactInfo: (CI_Contact) onlineResource: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/idn/gcmd-keywords name: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords description: The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords. function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: Europe > Romania type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) place thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names date: (unknown) descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce keyword: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) dataCentre thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords date: (CI_Date) date: 2020-01-09 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication edition: 9.1 citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Earth Science Data and Information System contactInfo: (CI_Contact) onlineResource: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/idn/gcmd-keywords name: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords description: The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords. function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian resourceConstraints: (MD_LegalConstraints) accessConstraints: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions useConstraints: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions otherConstraints: Access Constraints: None Use Constraints: None Distribution Liability: While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. aggregationInfo: (MD_AggregateInformation) aggregateDataSetIdentifier: (MD_Identifier) authority: (CI_Citation) title: Container Packet ID date: (unknown) code: G01143 associationType: (DS_AssociationTypeCode) language: eng; USA topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) geoscientificInformation extent: (EX_Extent) geographicElement: (EX_GeographicBoundingBox) westBoundLongitude: 24 eastBoundLongitude: 27 southBoundLatitude: 46.3 northBoundLatitude: 48 temporalElement: (EX_TemporalExtent) extent: TimePeriod: description: Publication Date beginPosition: 1975-07-00 endPosition: 1982-06-00 return to top contentInfo: return to top distributionInfo: (MD_Distribution) distributionFormat: (MD_Format) name: TIFF version: (unknown) distributor: (MD_Distributor) distributorContact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce positionName: User Services contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: 303-497-6826 facsimile: 303-497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: 325 Broadway city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: ngdc.info@noaa.gov hoursOfService: 8am-5pm, Monday through Friday role: (CI_RoleCode) distributor transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions) transferSize: Real: 30242 onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazardimages/ onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/ transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions) offLine: (MD_Medium) name: (MD_MediumNameCode) cdRom mediumFormat: (MD_MediumFormatCode) iso9660 return to top dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality) scope: (DQ_Scope) level: (MD_ScopeCode) repository levelDescription: (MD_ScopeDescription) other: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information lineage: (LI_Lineage) processStep: (LE_ProcessStep) description: NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015. dateTime: DateTime: 2015-04-22T00:00:00 return to top metadataMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation) maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (unknown) maintenanceNote: This metadata was automatically generated from the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata: Extensions for Remote Sensing Metadata standard version FGDC-STD-012-2002 using the June 2011 version of the FGDC RSE to ISO 19115-2 transform. The Spatial Reference Information is not currently mapped over to ISO but will be mapped in future versions. maintenanceNote: This record was automatically modified on 2015-10-14 to include references to NCEI where applicable. contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information positionName: Metadata Specialist role: (CI_RoleCode) editor contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information positionName: Hazards Data Manager contactInfo: (CI_Contact) address: (CI_Address) electronicMailAddress: haz.info@noaa.gov role: (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact |