| NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database, 2100 BC to Present | identificationInfo|
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| (MI_Metadata) fileIdentifier: gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.hazards:G02151 language: eng; USA characterSet: (MD_CharacterSetCode) utf8 hierarchyLevel: (MD_ScopeCode) dataset contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information positionName: Hazards Data Manager contactInfo: (CI_Contact) address: (CI_Address) electronicMailAddress: haz.info@noaa.gov role: (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact dateStamp: 2024-09-10 metadataStandardName: ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data metadataStandardVersion: ISO 19115-2:2009(E) return to top identificationInfo: (MD_DataIdentification) citation: (CI_Citation) title: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database, 2100 BC to Present date: (CI_Date) date: 1974-01-01 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication identifier: (MD_Identifier) code: Anchor: DOI doi:10.7289/V5PN93H7 citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information role: (CI_RoleCode) publisher citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) role: (CI_RoleCode) originator citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: Nicolas Arcos organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: (303) 497-3158 facsimile: (303) 497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: 325 Broadway, Mail Code E/NE42 city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: haz.info@noaa.gov role: (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: (withheld) contactInfo: (CI_Contact) onlineResource: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu_db.shtml protocol: http name: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database, 2100 BC to Present description: Information on tsunami events from 2100 BC to the present in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans; and the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas. function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information role: (inapplicable) presentationForm: (CI_PresentationFormCode) mapDigital presentationForm: (CI_PresentationFormCode) tableDigital abstract: The Global Historical Tsunami Database provides information on over 2,400 tsunamis from 2100 BC to the present in the the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans; and the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas. The database includes two related files. The first file includes information on the tsunami source such as the date, time, and location of the source event; cause and validity of the source, tsunami magnitude and intensity; maximum water height; the total number of fatalities, injuries, houses destroyed, and houses damaged; and total damage estimate (in U.S. dollars). The second related file contains information on the runups (the locations where tsunami waves were observed by eyewitnesses, reconnaissance surveys, tide gauges, and deep-ocean sensors) such as name, location, arrival time, maximum water height and inundation distance, and socio-economic data (deaths, injuries, damage) for the specific runup location. purpose: These data are necessary for tsunami hazard assessments, mitigation efforts, and warning guidance. status: (MD_ProgressCode) onGoing pointOfContact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: Nicolas Arcos organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: (303) 497-3158 facsimile: (303) 497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: 325 Broadway, Mail Code E/NE42 city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: haz.info@noaa.gov role: (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact resourceMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation) maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) asNeeded graphicOverview: (MD_BrowseGraphic) fileName: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/icons/tsunamis.jpg fileDescription: Maps showing tsunami events and tsunami runups and locations. fileType: jpg descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Waves > Tsunamis type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords date: (CI_Date) date: 2024 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) revision edition: 19 citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) contactInfo: (CI_Contact) onlineResource: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords name: GCMD Keyword Forum Page description: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2024. GCMD Keywords, Version 19. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: Disasters > Catastrophic Phenomena > Tsunami type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: INFOTERRA Keyword Thesaurus date: (unknown) descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: ICSU-WDS > International Council for Science - World Data System type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) project thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Project Keywords date: (CI_Date) date: 2020-01-09 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication edition: 9.1 citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) contactInfo: (CI_Contact) onlineResource: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords name: GCMD Keyword Forum Page description: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2024. GCMD Keywords, Version 19. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: Global type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) place thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords date: (CI_Date) date: 2024 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) revision edition: 19 citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) contactInfo: (CI_Contact) onlineResource: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords name: GCMD Keyword Forum Page description: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2024. GCMD Keywords, Version 19. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce keyword: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) dataCentre thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords date: (CI_Date) date: 2020-01-09 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication edition: 9.1 citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) contactInfo: (CI_Contact) onlineResource: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords name: GCMD Keyword Forum Page description: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2024. GCMD Keywords, Version 19. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian resourceConstraints: (MD_LegalConstraints) useLimitation: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions otherConstraints: Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5PN93H7 [access date] resourceConstraints: (MD_LegalConstraints) accessConstraints: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions otherConstraints: Access to this dataset is unrestricted. resourceConstraints: (MD_LegalConstraints) useConstraints: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions otherConstraints: While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. aggregationInfo: (MD_AggregateInformation) aggregateDataSetName: (CI_Citation) title: NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database, 2150 BC to Present date: (CI_Date) date: 1972-01-01 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication identifier: (MD_Identifier) code: Anchor: DOI doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K associationType: (DS_AssociationTypeCode) partOfSeamlessDatabase initiativeType: (DS_InitiativeTypeCode) collection aggregationInfo: (MD_AggregateInformation) aggregateDataSetName: (CI_Citation) title: NCEI/WDS Global Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database, 4360 BC to Present date: (CI_Date) date: 2001-03-23 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication identifier: (MD_Identifier) code: Anchor: DOI doi:10.7289/V5JW8BSH associationType: (DS_AssociationTypeCode) partOfSeamlessDatabase initiativeType: (DS_InitiativeTypeCode) collection aggregationInfo: (MD_AggregateInformation) aggregateDataSetName: (CI_Citation) title: NCEI/WDS Global Tsunami Deposits Database date: (CI_Date) date: 2001-03-23 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication identifier: (MD_Identifier) code: gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.hazards:G10146 associationType: (DS_AssociationTypeCode) crossReference initiativeType: (DS_InitiativeTypeCode) collection aggregationInfo: (MD_AggregateInformation) aggregateDataSetName: (CI_Citation) title: Size of great earthquakes of 1837-1974 inferred from tsunami data. date: (CI_Date) date: 1979-01-01 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication identifier: (MD_Identifier) code: Anchor: DOI doi:10.1029/JB084iB04p01561 citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: Abe, Katsuyuki role: (CI_RoleCode) author series: (CI_Series) name: Journal of Geophysical Research issueIdentification: 84(B4) otherCitationDetails: pp. 1561-1568 associationType: (DS_AssociationTypeCode) crossReference initiativeType: (DS_InitiativeTypeCode) sciencePaper aggregationInfo: (MD_AggregateInformation) aggregateDataSetName: (CI_Citation) title: Magnitudes of Large Shallow Earthquakes from 1904 to 1980. date: (CI_Date) date: 1981-01-01 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication identifier: (MD_Identifier) code: Anchor: DOI doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1 citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: Abe, Katsuyuki role: (CI_RoleCode) author series: (CI_Series) name: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors issueIdentification: 27 otherCitationDetails: pp. 72-92 associationType: (DS_AssociationTypeCode) crossReference initiativeType: (DS_InitiativeTypeCode) sciencePaper aggregationInfo: (MD_AggregateInformation) aggregateDataSetName: (CI_Citation) title: Preliminary Catalog of Tsunamis Occurring in the Pacific Ocean date: (CI_Date) date: 1967-12-01 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: Iida, Kumizi role: (CI_RoleCode) author citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: Cox, Doak C. role: (CI_RoleCode) author citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: Pararas-Carayannis, George role: (CI_RoleCode) author series: (CI_Series) name: Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Report issueIdentification: HIG-67-10 otherCitationDetails: 275 p. associationType: (DS_AssociationTypeCode) crossReference initiativeType: (DS_InitiativeTypeCode) sciencePaper language: eng; USA topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) oceans topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) geoscientificInformation extent: (EX_Extent) geographicElement: (EX_GeographicBoundingBox) westBoundLongitude: -180 eastBoundLongitude: 180 southBoundLatitude: -63 northBoundLatitude: 71 temporalElement: (EX_TemporalExtent) extent: TimePeriod: beginPosition: -2100 endPosition: return to top contentInfo: (MI_CoverageDescription) attributeDescription: RecordType: Tsunami Source Date contentType: (MD_CoverageContentTypeCode) physicalMeasurement return to top contentInfo: (MI_CoverageDescription) attributeDescription: RecordType: Tsunami Source Location contentType: (MD_CoverageContentTypeCode) physicalMeasurement dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Source Latitude attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: Distance measured north or south from the equator. Distance north is positive, distance south is negative. maxValue: Real: 90.00000 minValue: Real: -90.00000 units: UnitDefinition: identifier: decimal degrees name: decimal degrees dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Source Longitude attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: Longitude is measured from the Prime Meridian (which is the north/south line that runs through Greenwich, England), values measured east are positive and values measured west are negative. maxValue: Real: 180.00000 minValue: Real: -180.00000 units: UnitDefinition: identifier: decimal degrees name: decimal degrees dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Source Country attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The country in which the source event of the tsunami occurred. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Source Region attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The global region in which the source event of the tsunami occurred. return to top contentInfo: (MI_CoverageDescription) attributeDescription: RecordType: Tsunami Cause contentType: (MD_CoverageContentTypeCode) physicalMeasurement rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription) name: Validity of Tsunami definition: Validity of the actual tsunami occurrence is indicated by a numerical rating of the reports of that event rangeElement: Record: 4 = definite tsunami rangeElement: Record: 3 = probable tsunami rangeElement: Record: 2 = questionable tsunami rangeElement: Record: 1 = very doubtful tsunami rangeElement: Record: 0 = event that only caused a seiche or disturbance in an inland river rangeElement: Record: -1 = erroneous entry rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription) name: Cause of Tsunami (Code) definition: The source of the tsunami. rangeElement: Record: 0 = Unknown rangeElement: Record: 1 = Earthquake rangeElement: Record: 2 = Questionable Earthquake rangeElement: Record: 3 = Earthquake and Landslide rangeElement: Record: 4 = Volcano and Earthquake rangeElement: Record: 5 = Volcano, Earthquake, and Landslide rangeElement: Record: 6 = Volcano rangeElement: Record: 7 = Volcano and Landslide rangeElement: Record: 8 = Landslide rangeElement: Record: 9 = Meteorological rangeElement: Record: 10 = Explosion rangeElement: Record: 11 = Astronomical Tide return to top contentInfo: (MI_CoverageDescription) attributeDescription: RecordType: Tsunami Characteristics contentType: (MD_CoverageContentTypeCode) physicalMeasurement dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Maximum Water Height of All Runups attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The maximum water height above sea level in meters for this event. If the type of measurement of the runup was a: Tide Gauge - half of the maximum height (minus the normal tide)of a tsunami wave recorded at the coast by a tide gauge. Runup Height - the maximum elevation the wave reaches at the maximum inundation. units: UnitDefinition: identifier: meters name: meters dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Number of Runups attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The total number of runups link will display the runup locations associated with a particular tsunami event. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Tsunami Magnitude (Abe) attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: Abe defined two different tsunami magnitude amplitudes. His first tsunami magnitude (1979) is: Mt = logH + B, where H is the maximum single crest or trough amplitude of the tsunami waves (in meters) and B a constant. The second definition (1981) is: Mt = logH + alogR + D, where R is the distance in km from the earthquake epicenter to the tide station along the shortest oceanic path, and a and D are constants. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Tsunami Magnitude (Iida) attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: Tsunami magnitude (M) is defined by Iida and others (1967) as M = log2h, where "h" is the maximum runup height of the wave. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Tsunami Intensity attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: Tsunami intensity is defined by Soloviev and Go (1974) as I = log2(21/2 * h), where "h" is the maximum runup height of the wave. return to top contentInfo: (MI_CoverageDescription) attributeDescription: RecordType: Tsunami Runup Measurements contentType: (MD_CoverageContentTypeCode) physicalMeasurement dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Tsunami Runup Latitude attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The latitude of the observed tsunami runup. Distance measured north or south from the equator. Distance north is positive, distance south is negative. maxValue: Real: 90.00000 minValue: Real: -90.00000 units: UnitDefinition: identifier: decimal degrees name: decimal degrees dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Tsunami Runup Longitude attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The longitude of the observed tsunami runup. Longitude is measured from the Prime Meridian (which is the north/south line that runs through Greenwich, England), values measured east are positive and values measured west are negative. maxValue: Real: 180.00000 minValue: Real: -180.00000 units: UnitDefinition: identifier: decimal degrees name: decimal degrees dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Tsunami Runup Country attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The country where the tsunami effects were observed. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Tsunami Runup State attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The State, Province or Prefecture where the tsunami effects were observed. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Tsunami Runup Location Name attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The location (city, state or island) where the tsunami effects were observed. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Distance from Source attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The distance from the tsunami event source to the runup location. units: UnitDefinition: identifier: kilometers name: kilometers dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Initial Wave Arrival Time attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The arrival time is the universal coordinated time of the arrival of the initial tsunami wave at the location of the effects given in Day, Hour and Minutes. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Initial Wave Travel Time attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The travel time is the time in hours and minutes that it took the initial tsunami wave to travel from the source to the location of effects. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Maximum Water Height attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The maximum water height above sea level in meters for this runup. If the type of measurement of the runup was a: Tide Gauge - half of the maximum height (minus the normal tide)of a tsunami wave recorded at the coast by a tide gauge. Runup Height - the maximum elevation the wave reaches at the maximum inundation. units: UnitDefinition: identifier: meters name: meters dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Maximum Indundation Distance attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The maximum horizontal distance of inland flooding (in meters) units: UnitDefinition: identifier: meters name: meters dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Period attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The period is in minutes and, when available, is the period of the first cycle. units: UnitDefinition: identifier: minutes name: minutes dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Number of Deaths from the Tsunami at this Location attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: If an actual number of deaths due to the tsunami is known, enter a number in this search field. If only a description is available such as "few", "some", or "many", the database can be searched using the search field: Death Description. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Number of Injuries from the Tsunami at this Location attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: Whenever possible, numbers of injuries from the tsunami are listed. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Damage in Millions of Dollars from the Tsunami at this Location attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The value in the Damage column should be multiplied by 1,000,000 to obtain the actual dollar amount. If an actual number of dollars in damage due to the tsunami is known, enter a number in this search field. If only a description is available such as "limited", "moderate", or "severe", the database can be searched using the search field:Damage Description. When a dollar amount for damage was found in the literature, it was listed in the Damage column in millions of U.S. dollars. The dollar value listed is the value at the time of the event. To convert the damage to current dollar values, please use the Consumer Price Index Calculator. Monetary conversion tables for the time of the event were used to convert foreign currency to U.S. dollars. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Number of Houses Destroyed by the Tsunami at this Location attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: Whenever possible, number of houses destroyed by the tsunami are listed. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Number of Houses Damaged by the Tsunami at this Location attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: Whenever possible, number of houses damaged by the tsunami are listed. rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription) name: Type of Measurement definition: The type of measurement used to determine the tsunami runup at this location. rangeElement: Record: 1 = Eyewitness measurement rangeElement: Record: 2 = Tide-gauge measurement rangeElement: Record: 3 = Deep ocean gauge rangeElement: Record: 4 = Water height, Post-tsunami survey measurement rangeElement: Record: 5 = Runup Height, Post-tsunami survey measurement rangeElement: Record: 6 = Atmospheric Wave rangeElement: Record: 7 = Seiche rangeElement: Record: 8 = Water height in harbor, Post-tsunami survey measurement rangeElement: Record: 9 = Splash mark, Post-tsunami survey measurement rangeElement: Record: 10 = Flow Depth, Post-tsunami survey measurement rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription) name: First Motion definition: The first motion of the wave whether rise or fall. rangeElement: Record: R = Rise rangeElement: Record: F = Fall rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription) name: Description of Number of Deaths from the Tsunami at this Location definition: When a description was found in the historical literature instead of an actual number of deaths, this value was coded and listed in the Deaths De column. If the actual number of deaths was listed, a descriptor was also added for search purposes. rangeElement: Record: 0 = None rangeElement: Record: 1 = Few (~1 to 50 deaths) rangeElement: Record: 2 = Some (~51 to 100 deaths) rangeElement: Record: 3 = Many (~101 to 1000 deaths) rangeElement: Record: 4 = Very Many (~1001 or more deaths) rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription) name: Description of Number of Injuries from the Tsunami at this Location definition: When a description was found in the historical literature instead of an actual number of injuries, this value was coded and listed in the Injuries De column. If the actual number of injuries was listed, a descriptor was also added for search purposes. rangeElement: Record: 0 = None rangeElement: Record: 1 = Few (~1 to 50 injuries) rangeElement: Record: 2 = Some (~51 to 100 injuries) rangeElement: Record: 3 = Many (~101 to 1000 injuries) rangeElement: Record: 4 = Very Many (~1001 or more injuries) rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription) name: Description of Damage from the Tsunami at this Location definition: For those events not offering a monetary evaluation of damage, the following five-level scale was used to classify damage (1990 dollars) and was listed in the Damage De column. If the actual dollar amount of damage was listed, a descriptor was also added for search purposes. When possible, a rough estimate was made of the dollar amount of damage based upon the description provided, in order to choose the damage category. In many cases, only a single descriptive term was available. These terms were converted to the damage categories based upon the authors apparent use of the term elsewhere. In the absence of other information, LIMITED is considered synonymous with slight, minor, and light, SEVERE as synonymous with major, extensive, and heavy, and EXTREME as synonymous with catastrophic. Note: The descriptive terms relate approximately to current dollar values. rangeElement: Record: 0 = NONE rangeElement: Record: 1 = LIMITED (roughly corresponding to less than $1 million) rangeElement: Record: 2 = MODERATE (~$1 to $5 million) rangeElement: Record: 3 = SEVERE (~>$5 to $24 million) rangeElement: Record: 4 = EXTREME (~$25 million or more) rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription) name: Description of Number of Houses Destroyed by the Tsunami at this Location definition: For those events not offering an exact number of houses destroyed, the following four-level scale was used to classify the destruction and was listed in the Houses Destroyed De column. If the actual number of houses destroyed was listed, a descriptor was also added for search purposes. rangeElement: Record: 0 = None rangeElement: Record: 1 = Few (~1 to 50 houses) rangeElement: Record: 2 = Some (~51 to 100 houses) rangeElement: Record: 3 = Many (~101 to 1000 houses) rangeElement: Record: 4 = Very Many (~1001 or more houses) rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription) name: Description of Number of Houses Damaged by the Tsunami at this Location definition: For those events not offering an exact number of houses damaged, the following four-level scale was used to classify the damage and was listed in the Houses Damaged De column. If the actual number of houses destroyed was listed, a descriptor was also added for search purposes. rangeElement: Record: 0 = None rangeElement: Record: 1 = Few (~1 to 50 houses) rangeElement: Record: 2 = Some (~51 to 100 houses) rangeElement: Record: 3 = Many (~101 to 1000 houses) rangeElement: Record: 4 = Very Many (~1001 or more houses) return to top contentInfo: (MI_CoverageDescription) attributeDescription: RecordType: Overall Tsunami Effects contentType: (MD_CoverageContentTypeCode) physicalMeasurement dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Number of Deaths from the Tsunami attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: If an actual number of deaths due to the tsunami is known, enter a number in this search field. If only a description is available such as "few", "some", or "many", the database can be searched using the search field: Death Description. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Number of Injuries from the Tsunami attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: Whenever possible, numbers of injuries from the tsunami are listed. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Damage in Millions of Dollars from the Tsunami attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: The value in the Damage column should be multiplied by 1,000,000 to obtain the actual dollar amount. If an actual number of dollars in damage due to the tsunami is known, enter a number in this search field. If only a description is available such as "limited", "moderate", or "severe", the database can be searched using the search field:Damage Description. When a dollar amount for damage was found in the literature, it was listed in the Damage column in millions of U.S. dollars. The dollar value listed is the value at the time of the event. To convert the damage to current dollar values, please use the Consumer Price Index Calculator. Monetary conversion tables for the time of the event were used to convert foreign currency to U.S. dollars. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Number of Houses Destroyed by the Tsunami attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: Whenever possible, number of houses destroyed by the tsunami are listed. dimension: (MD_Band) sequenceIdentifier: MemberName: aName: Number of Houses Damaged by the Tsunami attributeType: (unknown) descriptor: Whenever possible, number of houses damaged by the tsunami are listed. rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription) name: Description of Number of Deaths from the Tsunami definition: When a description was found in the historical literature instead of an actual number of deaths, this value was coded and listed in the Deaths De column. If the actual number of deaths was listed, a descriptor was also added for search purposes. rangeElement: Record: 0 = None rangeElement: Record: 1 = Few (~1 to 50 deaths) rangeElement: Record: 2 = Some (~51 to 100 deaths) rangeElement: Record: 3 = Many (~101 to 1000 deaths) rangeElement: Record: 4 = Very Many (~1001 or more deaths) rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription) name: Description of Number of Injuries from the Tsunami definition: When a description was found in the historical literature instead of an actual number of injuries, this value was coded and listed in the Injuries De column. If the actual number of injuries was listed, a descriptor was also added for search purposes. rangeElement: Record: 0 = None rangeElement: Record: 1 = Few (~1 to 50 injuries) rangeElement: Record: 2 = Some (~51 to 100 injuries) rangeElement: Record: 3 = Many (~101 to 1000 injuries) rangeElement: Record: 4 = Very Many (~1001 or more injuries) rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription) name: Description of Damage from the Tsunami definition: For those events not offering a monetary evaluation of damage, the following five-level scale was used to classify damage (1990 dollars) and was listed in the Damage De column. If the actual dollar amount of damage was listed, a descriptor was also added for search purposes. rangeElement: Record: 0 = NONE rangeElement: Record: 1 = LIMITED (roughly corresponding to less than $1 million) rangeElement: Record: 2 = MODERATE (~$1 to $5 million) rangeElement: Record: 3 = SEVERE (~>$5 to $24 million) rangeElement: Record: 4 = EXTREME (~$25 million or more) rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription) name: Description of Number of Houses Destroyed by the Tsunami definition: For those events not offering an exact number of houses destroyed, the following four-level scale was used to classify the destruction and was listed in the Houses Destroyed De column. If the actual number of houses destroyed was listed, a descriptor was also added for search purposes. rangeElement: Record: 0 = None rangeElement: Record: 1 = Few (~1 to 50 houses) rangeElement: Record: 2 = Some (~51 to 100 houses) rangeElement: Record: 3 = Many (~101 to 1000 houses) rangeElement: Record: 4 = Very Many (~1001 or more houses) rangeElementDescription: (MI_RangeElementDescription) name: Description of Number of Houses Damaged by the Tsunami definition: For those events not offering an exact number of houses damaged, the following four-level scale was used to classify the damage and was listed in the Houses Damaged De column. If the actual number of houses destroyed was listed, a descriptor was also added for search purposes. rangeElement: Record: 0 = None rangeElement: Record: 1 = Few (~1 to 50 houses) rangeElement: Record: 2 = Some (~51 to 100 houses) rangeElement: Record: 3 = Many (~101 to 1000 houses) rangeElement: Record: 4 = Very Many (~1001 or more houses) return to top distributionInfo: (MD_Distribution) distributionFormat: (MD_Format) name: TSV version: (unknown) distributor: (MD_Distributor) distributorContact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information positionName: Hazards Data Manager contactInfo: (CI_Contact) address: (CI_Address) electronicMailAddress: haz.info@noaa.gov role: (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact distributionOrderProcess: (MD_StandardOrderProcess) fees: Free online transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions) onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-search protocol: http name: Tsunami Event Database description: Provides information on the tsunami source including date, time, event location, magnitude of the phenomenon, maximum wave height, and socio-economic information such as the total number of fatalities and dollar damage estimates if available. If the tsunami source was an earthquake or volcanic eruption, it is flagged and linked to the related database. function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) search onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/runup-search protocol: http name: Tsunami Runup Database description: Provides information on locations where tsunami waves were observed by eyewitnesses, post-tsunami field surveys, tide gauges, or deep ocean sensors. Includes the maximum wave height, inundation distance, and number of fatalities or dollar damage estimates at the specific location if available. function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) search onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/hazards/ protocol: http name: Natural Hazards Map Viewer description: Tsunami source and runup locations, significant earthquake epicenters, significant volcanic eruption locations. function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) search onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-search protocol: http name: Tsunami Event Database description: Provides information on the tsunami source including date, time, event location, magnitude of the phenomenon, maximum wave height, and socio-economic information such as the total number of fatalities and dollar damage estimates if available. If the tsunami source was an earthquake or volcanic eruption, it is flagged and linked to the related database. function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/runup-search protocol: http name: Tsunami Runup Database description: Provides information on locations where tsunami waves were observed by eyewitnesses, post-tsunami field surveys, tide gauges, or deep ocean sensors. Includes the maximum wave height, inundation distance, and number of fatalities or dollar damage estimates at the specific location if available. function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/ name: Natural Hazards Website description: Data, products and services for natural hazards. function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information return to top dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality) scope: (DQ_Scope) level: (MD_ScopeCode) dataset lineage: (LI_Lineage) statement: First computerized tsunami database started in 1970s with ascii files with descriptions that were separate to eventually searchable ascii and finally databases. In 1980s, NGDC began compilation of quantitative tsunami data from all available catalogs and special studies of tsunamis. In the 1908s the original database only covered the Pacific. The current NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database includes two related tables: global observations of tsunami sources and tsunami runup records (locations where tsunami waves were observed by eyewitnesses, field reconnaissance surveys, tide gauges or deep-ocean sensors). The historical database incorporates, where available, maximum tsunami wave heights for each coastal tide gauge and deep-ocean buoy that recorded a tsunami signal. The database is now updated regularly from sources such as NOAA Tsunami Warning Centers, NOAA National Data Buoy Center, NOAA National Ocean Service, UNESCO/IOC-NOAA International Tsunami Information Center, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, national and government databases and reports, tsunami catalogs, post-event reconnaissance reports, journal articles, newspapers, internet sources, email, and other written documents. processStep: (LI_ProcessStep) description: The database is updated upon the availability of new tsunami data. processor: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: Natural Hazards Data Manager organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian source: (LI_Source) description: The database is updated regularly from sources such as NOAA Tsunami Warning Centers, NOAA National Data Buoy Center, NOAA National Ocean Service, UNESCO/IOC-NOAA International Tsunami Information Center, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, national and government databases and reports, tsunami catalogs, post-event reconnaissance reports, journal articles, newspapers, internet sources, email, and other written documents. return to top dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality) scope: (DQ_Scope) level: (MD_ScopeCode) dataset report: (DQ_CompletenessCommission) evaluationMethodDescription: Erroneous statistical conclusions can be drawn from the numbers of earthquakes taken from Catalog of Significant Earthquakes, 2150 B.C. to the present. The reporting of large or destructive earthquakes is not homogeneous in space or time, particularly for periods prior to the 1900s. Because this publication mainly lists those earthquakes that have caused death or damage, the number of earthquake reports is dependent on the written history available for a particular region, as well as on the rate of development of population centers and related structures. Therefore, it is misleading to use the numbers of significant earthquakes in that publication to suggest statistically that there has been an increase in worldwide seismic activity since 1900 or for any time period. that "apparent" increase in activity: Instrumental seismology is a young science. The first calibrated instruments to measure seismic waves traveling through the earth did not appear until the late 1800s. At that time, seismologists became aware of the vast numbers of earthquakes occurring throughout the world, but because of the insensitivity of their instruments they were able to locate only the large magnitude events. The 1960s saw two major advances. First, a network of seismological observatories, the Worldwide Standardized Seismograph Network (WWSSN), was installed by the United States Government, principally to monitor underground nuclear tests. These sensitive instruments could detect and identify earthquakes anywhere in the world from about magnitude 4.5. Second computers became available in the late 1960s. Computers allowed seismologists to leave inaccurate and cumbersome graphical methods of locating earthquakes, and to process the increasing volume of new network data more rapidly than ever before. Prior to 1962, only hundreds of earthquake epicenters were determined each year by Government and academic institutions, but the number increased to the thousands using computerized location methods. In some special local studies, more than 100,000 earthquakes per year were identified and located. In summary, using the data in Catalog of Significant Earthquakes, 2150 B.C. to the present to suggest that there has been an increase in worldwide earthquake activity is misleading and erroneous. The above observations and reporting factors must also be considered when making statistical studies based on that historical data report. The same problems that can lead to erroneous statistics discussed above, also introduce uncertainties in the earthquake and tsunami databases for events prior to the late 1800s, and in some areas for events prior to the installation of the WWSSN in 1962. Before the invention of seismographs in the late 1800s magnitudes, times and locations of earthquakes and tsunami sources were determined from descriptions of earthquake damage and tsunami effects. Earthquake epicenters and tsunami source locations may have been assigned to the wrong places when the names of localitieis were incorrectly transcribed or when some localities had identical or very similar names. Errors may have also been introduced when the local times of earthquakes and tsunami reports were incorrectly converted to Universal Coordinated Time by catalogers. Earthquake and tsunami events can also be listed twice when the dates are recorded in different sources according to the Julian or the Gregorian calendars. As a result, the earthquake and tsunami databases may include listings of events on different dates that are actually descriptions of the same event. For a more complete discussion of these errors please see Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes of the World, edited by W.H.K. Lee, H. Meyers and K. Shimzaki, 1988, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California, 513 p. The tsunami database may also include errors that are unique to that database. One of the most important measurements associated with a tsunami event is the maximum runup height or water height reached above sea level in meters. Unfortunately, it is not always clear which reference level was used. The tsunami database also includes locations where the tsunami was observed, called runup locations. The same problem that occurs when identifying earthquake epicenters can occur when assigning runup locations, where the names of localities were incorrectly transcribed or where some localities had identical or very similar names. In addition, names of locations can change over time adding to the possibility of errors. If tsunami arrival and travel times are available for specific runup locations, they are included in the database. These data are valuable in verifying tsunami travel time models. The definition used in this database is the arrival or travel time of the first wave that arrives at a runup location. The first wave may not have been the largest wave, therefore the travel time reported in the original source may have been the second or third wave. result: (unknown) report: (DQ_ConceptualConsistency) measureDescription: Erroneous statistical conclusions can be drawn from the numbers of earthquakes taken from Catalog of Significant Earthquakes, 2150 B.C. to the present. The reporting of large or destructive earthquakes is not homogeneous in space or time, particularly for periods prior to the 1900s. Because this publication mainly lists those earthquakes that have caused death or damage, the number of earthquake reports is dependent on the written history available for a particular region, as well as on the rate of development of population centers and related structures. Therefore, it is misleading to use the numbers of significant earthquakes in that publication to suggest statistically that there has been an increase in worldwide seismic activity since 1900 or for any time period. that "apparent" increase in activity: Instrumental seismology is a young science. The first calibrated instruments to measure seismic waves traveling through the earth did not appear until the late 1800s. At that time, seismologists became aware of the vast numbers of earthquakes occurring throughout the world, but because of the insensitivity of their instruments they were able to locate only the large magnitude events. The 1960s saw two major advances. First, a network of seismological observatories, the Worldwide Standardized Seismograph Network (WWSSN), was installed by the United States Government, principally to monitor underground nuclear tests. These sensitive instruments could detect and identify earthquakes anywhere in the world from about magnitude 4.5. Second computers became available in the late 1960s. Computers allowed seismologists to leave inaccurate and cumbersome graphical methods of locating earthquakes, and to process the increasing volume of new network data more rapidly than ever before. Prior to 1962, only hundreds of earthquake epicenters were determined each year by Government and academic institutions, but the number increased to the thousands using computerized location methods. In some special local studies, more than 100,000 earthquakes per year were identified and located. In summary, using the data in Catalog of Significant Earthquakes, 2150 B.C. to the present to suggest that there has been an increase in worldwide earthquake activity is misleading and erroneous. The above observations and reporting factors must also be considered when making statistical studies based on that historical data report. The same problems that can lead to erroneous statistics discussed above, also introduce uncertainties in the earthquake and tsunami databases for events prior to the late 1800s, and in some areas for events prior to the installation of the WWSSN in 1962. Before the invention of seismographs in the late 1800s magnitudes, times and locations of earthquakes and tsunami sources were determined from descriptions of earthquake damage and tsunami effects. Earthquake epicenters and tsunami source locations may have been assigned to the wrong places when the names of localitieis were incorrectly transcribed or when some localities had identical or very similar names. Errors may have also been introduced when the local times of earthquakes and tsunami reports were incorrectly converted to Universal Coordinated Time by catalogers. Earthquake and tsunami events can also be listed twice when the dates are recorded in different sources according to the Julian or the Gregorian calendars. As a result, the earthquake and tsunami databases may include listings of events on different dates that are actually descriptions of the same event. For a more complete discussion of these errors please see Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes of the World, edited by W.H.K. Lee, H. Meyers and K. Shimzaki, 1988, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California, 513 p. The tsunami database may also include errors that are unique to that database. One of the most important measurements associated with a tsunami event is the maximum runup height or water height reached above sea level in meters. Unfortunately, it is not always clear which reference level was used. The tsunami database also includes locations where the tsunami was observed, called runup locations. The same problem that occurs when identifying earthquake epicenters can occur when assigning runup locations, where the names of localities were incorrectly transcribed or where some localities had identical or very similar names. In addition, names of locations can change over time adding to the possibility of errors. If tsunami arrival and travel times are available for specific runup locations, they are included in the database. These data are valuable in verifying tsunami travel time models. The definition used in this database is the arrival or travel time of the first wave that arrives at a runup location. The first wave may not have been the largest wave, therefore the travel time reported in the original source may have been the second or third wave. result: (unknown) return to top dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality) scope: (DQ_Scope) level: (MD_ScopeCode) repository levelDescription: (MD_ScopeDescription) other: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information lineage: (LI_Lineage) processStep: (LE_ProcessStep) description: NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015. dateTime: DateTime: 2015-04-22T00:00:00 return to top metadataMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation) maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) unknown maintenanceNote: This record was automatically modified on 2015-10-01 to include references to NCEI where applicable. maintenanceNote: The title and citation statement were changed from NGDC to NCEI on 2018-06-07 because NCEI is the current publisher. contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information positionName: Metadata Specialist role: (CI_RoleCode) editor | |
