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Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)
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The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites collect visible and
infrared cloud imagery as well as monitoring the atmospheric, oceanographic, hydrologic,
cryospheric and near-Earth space environments. The DMSP program maintains a constellation
of sun-synchronous, near-polar orbiting satellites. The orbital period is 101 minutes
and inclination is 99 degrees. The atmospheric and oceanographic sensors record radiances
at visible, infrared and microwave wavelengths. The solar geophysical sensors measure
ionospheric plasma fluxes, densities, temperatures and velocities. DMSP visible and
infrared imagery of clouds covers a 3,000 km swath, thus each satellite provides global
coverage of both day night time conditions each day. The field view of the microwave
imagers and sounders is only 1,500 km thus approximately 3 days data are required
for one instrument to provide global coverage at equatorial latitudes. The solar geophysical
instruments make in-situ measurements of ionospheric parameters, some of which vary
very rapidly. The NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly National
Geophysical Data Center) receive the complete DMSP data stream from the Air Force
Weather Agency (AFWA), Offutt Air Force Base, Omaha, Nebraska. Data are currently
transmitted in near realtime from AFWA directly to the archive via a designated T1
line. Archive processing prepares orbital data sets of calibrated, quality assessed
data organized as a time-series, restores data lost during transmission,and accurately
computes satellite positions. NCEI maintains an archive of all data recorded on DMSP
satellites as relayed to The NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly
National Geophysical Data Center) by the Air Force Weather Agency. Data from March
1992 to March 1994, are considered to be experimental. After March 1994, the system
was fully operational. NCEI archives contain data that are post process reconstructed,
positioned and geolocated using the same software.
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https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/ |
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DMSP Data Manager |
DMSP Data Manager |
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA,
U.S. Department of Commerce |
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ngdc.dmsp@noaa.gov |
pointOfContact |
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DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department
of Commerce |
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publisher |
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DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department
of Commerce |
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originator |
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GCMD Landing Page |
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NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Earth Science Data and Information System |
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custodian |
https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/idn/gcmd-keywords |
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NCEI (publisher) |
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NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information |
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publisher |
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Anna Milan |
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NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information |
Metadata Specialist |
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editor |
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http://spidr.ngdc.noaa.gov/spidr/querydmsp.do |
DMSP Satellite Images Search |
Search and download data for various DMSP Satellites and their time frames |
search |
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https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/idn/gcmd-keywords |
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords |
The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured,
used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the
further development of the keywords. |
information |
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https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/ |
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program |
Home page for DMSP archive, research and products |
information |
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DMSP
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Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F12 (DMSP 5D-2/F12)
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Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F13 (DMSP 5D-2/F13)
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Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F14 (DMSP 5D-2/F14)
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Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F15 (DMSP 5D-2/F15)
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Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F16 (DMSP 5D-2/F16)
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Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F17 (DMSP 5D-2/F17)
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Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F18 (DMSP 5D-2/F18)
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OLS (Operational Linescan System), is the primary sensor on each satellite. The OLS
instrument consists of two telescopes and a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The detectors
sweep back and forth in a "whiskbroom" fashion (a "flying spot design" is employed
- a subset of whiskbroom scanners). The continuous analog signal is sampled at a constant
rate so the Earth-located centers of each pixel are roughly equidistant, i.e., 0.5
km apart, 7,325 pixels are digitized in the cross-track direction.
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SSI/ES (Special Sensor Ionospheric Plasma Drift/Scintillation Monitor) Objective:
Measurement of the ambient electron density and temperatures, the ambient ion density,
and the average ion temperature and molecular weight at the DMSP orbital altitude.
The instrument consists of an electron sensor (Langmuir probe) and an ion sensor mounted
on a 2.5 meter boom. The ion sensor is a planar aperture, planar collector sensor
oriented to face the spacecraft velocity vector at all times. In addition to the Langmuir
probe and planar collector which make up the SSI/E, the SSI/ES has a plasma drift
meter and a scintillation meter.
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SSJ/4 (Precipitation Electron/Proton Spectrometer) Objective: Measurement of transfer
energy, mass, and momentum of charged particles through the magnetosphere-ionosphere
in the Earth's magnetic field. The instrument looks toward the satellite zenith. -
The SSJ/4 sensor consists of four electrostatic analyzers that record the flux of
precipitating ions or electrons at 20 fixed energy channels between 30 eV and 30 keV.
The curved plate detectors allow precipitating electrons and ions to enter through
an aperture of about 20 x 10 (FWHM). Electrons and ions of the selected energy are
deflected toward the target by an imposed electric field applied across the two plates.
The two low energy detectors consist of 10 channels centered at 34, 49, 71, 101, 150,
218, 320, 460, 670, and 960 eV. The high energy detector measures particles in 10
channels centered at 1.0, 1.4, 2.1, 3.0, 4.4, 6.5, 9.5, 14.0, 20.5 and 29.5 KeV. Each
detector integrates each
channel for 0.09 s from high energy channel to low. A complete cycle is sampled each
second. The primary sources of the particles precipitating into the upper atmosphere
are the northern and southern auroral zones.
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SSM (Special Sensor Magnetometer), a triaxial fluxgate magnetometer. The SSM measures
geomagnetic fluctuations associated with solar geophysical phenomena (i.e., ionospheric
currents flowing at high latitudes). In combination with the SSI/ES and the SSJ/4,
the SSM provides heating and electron density profiles in the high-latitude ionosphere.
SSM takes and reports 12 readings/s for the Y and Z axes. Only 10 readings of the
12 readings per second are reported for the X axis due to telemetry limitations. The
SSM's axes are aligned with the spacecraft's axes where X is downward and aligned
to local vertical within 0.01 degree, Y is parallel to the velocity vector for spacecraft
with ascending node in the afternoon/evening sector, and Z is away from the solar
panel and anti-parallel to the orbit normal vector.) The measurement range is A?65535
nT for each axis, with a one-bit resolution of 2 nT. Note: The magnetic field has
three sources: 1)
the magnetic field from the solid Earth, 2) the magnetic field from electrical currents
flowing in the ionosphere and magnetosphere, and 3) the magnetic field from the spacecraft.
Measurement of source 2 is the principal objective of the SSM, the measurement of
source 1 is a secondary objective, and measurement of source 3 is a nuisance which
is eliminated from the data as much as possible during data processing
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SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave Imager). The SSM/I is a seven-channel, four-frequency,
linearly-polarized, passive microwave radiometer (a total-power instrument configuration)
which measures atmospheric, ocean, and terrain microwave brightness temperatures (similar
to NIMBUS-7 SMMR) which are converted into environmental parameters such as: sea surface
winds, rain rates, cloud water, precipitation, soil moisture, ice edge, and ice age.
SMM/I data is used to obtain synoptic maps of critical atmospheric, oceanographic
and selected land parameters on a global scale. The footprint of SSM/I data is a 1400
km swath (conical scan).
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SSM/T (Special Sensor Microwave Temperature Sounder). The SSM/T is a seven channel
passive microwave sounder consisting of a rotating 7 step antenna reflector (rotating
once every 32 seconds), a Dicke-switched seven channel radiometer, a digitizer, and
signal processor. It measures the Earth's surface and atmospheric emission in the
50 to 60 GHz oxygen band. The SMM/T is a cross-track nadir scanning radiometer having
a FOV of 14.4A?. At nominal altitude (833 km) the subtrack spatial resolution is an
approximate circle of 174 km diameter at nadir elongating to an ellipse of 305 x 313
km at the extreme viewing angles toward the limb. There are seven total cross-track
scan positions separated by 12A? with a maximum cross-track scan angle of 36A?. Swath
width = 1500 km (data coverage gap between successive orbits). The SSM/T is a step
and stare type sensor which dwells on each of the seven scene stations, then observes
a cold (3 K) reference,
followed by a warm (300 K) reference.
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SSM/T2 (Special Sensor Microwave Water Vapor Profiler-2). The instrument is a cross-track
scanning, five channel, passive total power microwave radiometer system which consists
of a single, self-contained module with a step-scan motion in the cross-track direction
of A? 40.5A?. The SSM/T2 scan mechanism is synchronized with the SSM/T so that the
beam cell patterns of the two sensors coincide. The observation rate is 7.5 scans/minute.
There are 28 observations (beam positions) per scan for each of the five channels,
with each observation having a spatial resolution of about 48 km. All five channels
have coincident centers. The swath width is about 1500 km.
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OLS (Operational Linescan System), is the primary sensor on each satellite. The OLS
instrument consists of two telescopes and a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The detectors
sweep back and forth in a "whiskbroom" fashion (a "flying spot design" is employed
- a subset of whiskbroom scanners). The continuous analog signal is sampled at a constant
rate so the Earth-located centers of each pixel are roughly equidistant, i.e., 0.5
km apart, 7,325 pixels are digitized in the cross-track direction. |
Detectors |
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SSI/ES (Special Sensor Ionospheric Plasma Drift/Scintillation Monitor) Objective:
Measurement of the ambient electron density and temperatures, the ambient ion density,
and the average ion temperature and molecular weight at the DMSP orbital altitude.
The instrument consists of an electron sensor (Langmuir probe) and an ion sensor mounted
on a 2.5 meter boom. The ion sensor is a planar aperture, planar collector sensor
oriented to face the spacecraft velocity vector at all times. In addition to the Langmuir
probe and planar collector which make up the SSI/E, the SSI/ES has a plasma drift
meter and a scintillation meter. |
Plasma Drift Meter and a Scintillation Meter |
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SSJ/4 (Precipitation Electron/Proton Spectrometer) Objective: Measurement of transfer
energy, mass, and momentum of charged particles through the magnetosphere-ionosphere
in the Earth's magnetic field. The instrument looks toward the satellite zenith. -
The SSJ/4 sensor consists of four electrostatic analyzers that record the flux of
precipitating ions or electrons at 20 fixed energy channels between 30 eV and 30 keV.
The curved plate detectors allow precipitating electrons and ions to enter through
an aperture of about 20 x 10 (FWHM). Electrons and ions of the selected energy are
deflected toward the target by an imposed electric field applied across the two plates.
The two low energy detectors consist of 10 channels centered at 34, 49, 71, 101, 150,
218, 320, 460, 670, and 960 eV. The high energy detector measures particles in 10
channels centered at 1.0, 1.4, 2.1, 3.0, 4.4, 6.5, 9.5, 14.0, 20.5 and 29.5 KeV. Each
detector integrates each channel for 0.09 s from high energy channel to low. A complete
cycle is sampled each second. The primary sources of the particles precipitating into
the upper atmosphere are the northern and southern auroral zones. |
Spectrometer |
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SSM (Special Sensor Magnetometer), a triaxial fluxgate magnetometer. The SSM measures
geomagnetic fluctuations associated with solar geophysical phenomena (i.e., ionospheric
currents flowing at high latitudes). In combination with the SSI/ES and the SSJ/4,
the SSM provides heating and electron density profiles in the high-latitude ionosphere.
SSM takes and reports 12 readings/s for the Y and Z axes. Only 10 readings of the
12 readings per second are reported for the X axis due to telemetry limitations. The
SSM's axes are aligned with the spacecraft's axes where X is downward and aligned
to local vertical within 0.01 degree, Y is parallel to the velocity vector for spacecraft
with ascending node in the afternoon/evening sector, and Z is away from the solar
panel and anti-parallel to the orbit normal vector.) The measurement range is A?65535
nT for each axis, with a one-bit resolution of 2 nT. Note: The magnetic field has
three sources: 1) the magnetic field from the solid Earth, 2) the magnetic field from
electrical currents flowing in the ionosphere and magnetosphere, and 3) the magnetic
field from the spacecraft. Measurement of source 2 is the principal objective of the
SSM, the measurement of source 1 is a secondary objective, and measurement of source
3 is a nuisance which is eliminated from the data as much as possible during data
processing |
Magnetometer |
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SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave Imager). The SSM/I is a seven-channel, four-frequency,
linearly-polarized, passive microwave radiometer (a total-power instrument configuration)
which measures atmospheric, ocean, and terrain microwave brightness temperatures (similar
to NIMBUS-7 SMMR) which are converted into environmental parameters such as: sea surface
winds, rain rates, cloud water, precipitation, soil moisture, ice edge, and ice age.
SMM/I data is used to obtain synoptic maps of critical atmospheric, oceanographic
and selected land parameters on a global scale. The footprint of SSM/I data is a 1400
km swath (conical scan). |
Microwave Radiometer |
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SSM/T (Special Sensor Microwave Temperature Sounder). The SSM/T is a seven channel
passive microwave sounder consisting of a rotating 7 step antenna reflector (rotating
once every 32 seconds), a Dicke-switched seven channel radiometer, a digitizer, and
signal processor. It measures the Earth's surface and atmospheric emission in the
50 to 60 GHz oxygen band. The SMM/T is a cross-track nadir scanning radiometer having
a FOV of 14.4A?. At nominal altitude (833 km) the subtrack spatial resolution is an
approximate circle of 174 km diameter at nadir elongating to an ellipse of 305 x 313
km at the extreme viewing angles toward the limb. There are seven total cross-track
scan positions separated by 12A? with a maximum cross-track scan angle of 36A?. Swath
width = 1500 km (data coverage gap between successive orbits). The SSM/T is a step
and stare type sensor which dwells on each of the seven scene stations, then observes
a cold (3 K) reference, followed by a warm (300 K) reference. |
Sensor |
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SSM/T2 (Special Sensor Microwave Water Vapor Profiler-2). The instrument is a cross-track
scanning, five channel, passive total power microwave radiometer system which consists
of a single, self-contained module with a step-scan motion in the cross-track direction
of A? 40.5A?. The SSM/T2 scan mechanism is synchronized with the SSM/T so that the
beam cell patterns of the two sensors coincide. The observation rate is 7.5 scans/minute.
There are 28 observations (beam positions) per scan for each of the five channels,
with each observation having a spatial resolution of about 48 km. All five channels
have coincident centers. The swath width is about 1500 km. |
Water Vapor Profiler |
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